Columbiformes Flashcards

Question

Do pigeons have a cervical apteryla?

Answer 1

Nope Fowler 8

Answer 2

ESF-IM were stiffer/stronger than plates, are low-cost and highly versatile. Plate fixation an option in vitro, but further in vivo studies needed before recommendations can be made. * External skeletal fixator-intramedullary pin (ESF-IM) most often recommended treatment for bird humeral fractures * Internal fixation via plates common in mammals and could be advantageous given increased fracture compression, no risk of involuntary joint penetration, and no external component that to lead to self trauma * ESF-IM significantly stiffer and stronger then either plate constructs; appropriate stiffness of a construct is principal component for bone healing * No significant difference in stiffness, strength, and strain energy between locking and nonlocking plate · All applications dorsal, but caudal application → equivalent strength and increased stiffness compared to ESF-IM o Take care with radial nn in both dorsal and caudal applications o Morbidity secondary to caudal application unknown (tendon interference, fibrosis, joint ankylosis, etc) o Ideal case for either dorsal or caudal plate fixation = closed mid-diaphyseal fracture that allows 6 cortical bone-screw contact points (minimum of at least 4) proximal and distal to the fracture line · Bone of the avian wing has high torsion → torsion = greater limiting factor than bending when addressing avian wing fracture repair JAMS 2019 33(1): 29-37 Ex Vivo Biomechanical Comparison of Titanium Locking Plate, Stainless Steel Nonlocking Plate, and Tie-in External Fixator Applied by a Dorsal Approach on Ostectomized Humeri of Pigeons (Columba livia)

Answer 3

* Pelvic limb deformities common in captive-reared chicks – rotational deformities of long bones. * Tibiotarsal rotations during fast-growth period in chickens and turkeys (2-10 wks), ostriches at 2-3 weeks. * Leg may deviate up to 180 deg from dorsoplantar axis in days. * Usually asymmetrical, may cause secondary deformities in sternum. * Factors that cause tibiotarsal deformities * genetics, rapid growth rate, poor diet, inappropriate cage design, environmental/seasonal factors, disorders in bone mineralization, excessive or insufficient ratios of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, methionine, choline, or manganese. * Cartilaginous growth plate may be easily damaged and result in tibiotarsal rotation. * Birds lack a calcified epiphysis until the end of the growth period (unlike mammals). * Earliest time to weight bearing 12 days, earliest formation of callus at 22 days, earliest implant removal 38 days. Complete functional recovery achieved on average of 46 days. * Rotation treatment is possible by creating a closed fracture and fixing the fracture after derotation. The technique was successful in all birds in the study. * Avian orthopedic surgical procedures and differences vs mammals – avian bones less soft tissue coverage, thinner cortices, more fragile. * Tie-in fixator method advantages – ease of application, use of a smaller diameter IM pin than otherwise could be used, less damage to IM blood supply, increase in resistance to bending and rotational forces vs either an ESF or IM pin alone. * Normal alignment of long bones achieved. * Leg is protected vs longitudinal rotation. * Pin removal by the bird is prevented. * Strong stabilization is produced. * Biplanar ex fix is preferred because of better rigidity in these cases. * Smooth, nonthreaded pins were used. * With positive profile threaded pins, a uniplanar configuration would be sufficient. * Best for birds less than 1 kg Kaya, D. A., & Özsoy, S. (2017). Repair of tibiotarsal rotation in 7 chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) and 12 domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) with type-2 external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin tie-in. *Journal of avian medicine and surgery*, *31*(3), 206-213.

Answer 4

*Nesoenas mayeri* ## Footnote Neonates: o Most common COD: non-infectious disease due to parental neglect and failure to thrive § Reduced over the 40 year period: may suggest improvement in management, parental selection, and monitoring of the neonate § Inbreeding in wild population resulted in poorly feeding chicks w/ poor squab survival upon fledging = inbreeding may be a factor in captive population o Second most common COD: trauma, mostly intraspecific, mostly caused by foster parents o Domestic pigeons trialed as foster parents in two collections but noted to be less suitable than Barbary doves o Infectious diseases: E. coli omphalitis and septicemia - Juveniles: o Most common COD: non-infectious disease due to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism \> musculoskeletal disease. All cases reared by foster parents § May be due to dietary Ca deficiency or vit D deficiency o Second most common COD: impact trauma o Infectious diseases: Candida albicans (esophageal and respiratory); Citrobacter septicemia - Adults: o Most common COD: impact trauma (flying into aviary walls or ceilings), interspecific trauma § Sig more males died from interspecific aggression and sig more females died from intraspecific aggression o Second most common COD: infectious disease due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (seasonal, in winter months) or Mycobacterium avium o Other non-infectious COD: cardiac disease, renal disease, reproductive disease - Only 1 death due to trichomoniasis, which is the **highest cause of mortality in wild population** o May be due to resistance in this population or that strains in Europe are lower virulence than in Mauritius ![]() RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF MORTALITY IN CAPTIVE PINK PIGEONS (NESOENAS MAYERI) HOUSED IN EUROPEAN COLLECTIONS: 1977–2018\_Shopland et al\_JZWM 51(1): 2020

Answer 5

* Columbiformes diseases * Trichomonas – high squab mortality in PP and threat to species recovery * Leukocytozoon – seen in free ranging PP population – 18.3-30% prevalence * Pox – 10% in wild suffer from it * Young pigeon disease syndrome – circovirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus cause immunosuppression, mortalitiy is 20% and circovirus appears to be the leading cause * Paramyxoviruses (APMV-1 and Pigeon PMV-1) – high morbidity but varying mortality * Salmonella in feces * Chlamydia, mycobacterium, and Yersinia * All birds negative for pigeon circovirus, pigeon herpesvirus, PPMV-1, APMV-1, Chlamydia, Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium, & Hemoproteus * 26.2% (7 males, 4 females) tested positive for at least one of the following: T. gallinae (5), coccidial oocysts (3), strongyle ova (3), and Yersinia spp. (Yersinia kristensenii [2] and Yersinia aleksiciae [1]) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine51(4): 970–980, 2020 **HEALTH SCREENING OF THE EUROPEAN ENDANGERED SPECIES PROGRAM CAPTIVE POPULATION OF THE PINK PIGEON (NESOENAS MAYERI)** Sara Shopland, BVSc, BSc (Hons), Cert AVP (ZM) MRCVS, Alberto Rodriguez Barbon, LdoVet, CertZooMed, Dipl ECZM (Avian nonpracticing) MRCVS, David S. Richardson, BSc (Hons), PhD, BVMS,Michelle Barrows, BVMS, BSc, RCVS Dipl ZooMed (Avian), Dipl ECZM MRCVS

Answer 6

* A total of 39.8% of tested pigeons (54.5% of tested lofts) were positive for Mycoplasma species, and 30.6% of tested pigeons (48.6% of tested lofts) were positive for PHV-1. * In 15.8% of the tested pigeons (26.8% of tested pigeon lofts), coinfection by Mycoplasma species and PHV-1 was identified * Mycoplasma in pigeons * M. colubinum, columborale, columbbinasale * Isolated from RT & eyes * CS – dyspnea, abnormal respiratory sounds, sneezing, conjunctivitis, and rhinitis (arthritis too) * Evidence for primary pathogenesis is lacking * Herpesvirus in pigeons * 50% of racing pigeons are persistently infected with PHV-1 * Risk factors – inadequate hygiene, overcrowding, transportation, high intensity training Hellebuyck, T., Göbel, S., Pasmans, F., Adriaensen, C., & Martel, A. (2017). Co-occurrence of Mycoplasma Species and Pigeon Herpesvirus-1 Infectionin Racing Pigeons (Columba livia). *Journal of avian medicine and surgery*, *31*(4), 351-355. Take Home: Both pathogens are common, but a synergistic effect was not able to be demonstrated

Answer 7

· Cryptococcosis o systemic mycosis o acquired by inhalation of environmental basidiospores or desiccated yeast cells produced by basidiomycetous yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gatii o C neoformans found in bird droppings § estimated 50% of birds are reservoirs and carriers of fungi that are potentially pathogenic § pigeon droppings - main environmental source of C neoformans · Study - C neoformans and other opportunistic fungi isolated and evaluated from pigeon excreta in Mashhad in NE Iran · **C neoformans isolated in 77.5% of 120 samples of pigeon droppings collected from different sites in Mashhad, Iran** · opportunistic yeast and mold fungi also isolated - Candida species and allergenic fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Alternaria species · All pigeon dropping samples collected were desiccated - C neoformans does not grow on fresh feces because of bacterial competition Ghaderi, Z., Eidi, S., & Razmyar, J. (2019). High Prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans and Isolation of Other Opportunistic Fungi From Pigeon (Columba livia) Droppings in Northeast Iran. *Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery*, *33*(4), 335-339.

Answer 8

* Oral approach * Preparation of the upper GI tract was achieved by flushing with warm sterile saline solution prior to gastroscopy * Only small amount of saline needed to distend the GI lumen for visualization * Conservative saline use reduce aspiration risk from fluid back up into oropharynx * Proventriculus mucosa easily visualized * Mucosal biopsies easily and safely collected by distending the proventriculus and collecting specimen with biopsy forceps nearly parallel to the long axis of the proventriculus (to avoid perforation) * Visibility of cranial ventriculus excellent but scope length prohibited good visualization of the middle and caudal ventriculus * Two layer biopsy technique for ventriculus – koilin first then mucosa * Koilin layer easy to sample with biopsy jaws perpendicular to wall * Mucosa difficult to grasp * Complications: * 1 pigeon had perforated proventriculus * 1 pigeon aspirated saline and arrested * Some pigeons had possible melena 1-2 days post procedure * Crop, short esophagus, and patient positioning (reverse Trendelenburg) make air insufflation less useful for GI distention for gastroscopy * Saline better than air for lumen distention – better visualization, can wash out debris * Positioning in dorsal recumbency – crop expands with excess fluid, monitor crop size during infusion * Ingluviotomy may be recommended in birds \>400g or with longer necks * Better visualize caudal compartments of upper GI * Reduce aspiration risk * More invasive * For proventricular biopsy, recommend keeping biopsy forcep jaws parallel to wall * Proventricular wall thinner than mammals so perforates easier * The proventriculus appeared to yield specimens of higher diagnostic quality than the ventriculus * Minimal hemorrhage at biopsy sites but evidence of melena following procedure, PCV remained stable * Overall, gastroscopy and biopsy using these techniques was considered safe ![]() ![]()

Answer 9

* options for GI FB removal in birds * medical – magnet on probe, endoscopy * surgical * Proventriculotomy is typically recommended over ventriculotomy in birds * high risk of postop wound dehiscence given the highly muscular walls of the ventriculus * usually not possible to close the incision with an inverting pattern – contents may leak * ventriculus more highly vascularized than proventriculus – higher risk of hemorrhage * Techniques used to decrease complication rate of ventriculotomy * application of a collagen patch over the surgical site * application of a coelomic fat patch * both patches associated with an increase in serosal inflammation and did not improve healing Perforating foreign body in the ventriculus of a pet pigeon (*Columba livia domestica*) Delphine Laniesse DVM, DVSc; Hugues Beaufrère DVM, PhD; Shawn Mackenzie DVM, DVSc; Ameet Singh DVM, DVSc; Ayman Samman DVM, PhD; Leonardo Susta DVM, PhD J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018;253:1610–1616

Answer 10

: **TonoVet IOP measured in ‘d’ mode was 10.6 +/- 1.9 mm Hg** * Converting this into the regression formula the reference IOP of pigeons was actually 19.5 +/- 4.4 mm Hg Lim, J., Kang, S., Park, S., Park, E., Nam, T., Jeong, S., & Seo, K. (2019). Intraocular Pressure Measurement by Rebound Tonometry (TonoVet) in Normal Pigeons (Columba livia). *Journal of avian medicine and surgery*, *33*(1), 46-52.

Answer 11

Signs of acute toxicity were observed in groups A and B (vomiting, weakness, dec appetite) · Group B birds appeared to recover after being treated with silymarin · 86% of group A died between 48-86 hors post AA, none in group B died · Group B pigeons decreased the serum levels of AST, ALT, urea, and uric acid compared with Group A · Silymarin also prevented decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase, total protein, albumin, and cholesterol seen in Group A. · Histopath of group A showed severe and diffuse vacuolation of the hepatocytes, hepatocellular necrosis and mononuclear inflammatory infiltration · In group B hepatocellular vacuolation and necrosis were absent · No lesions in group C · **Takeaway: Silymarin was protective against both hepatic and possibly renal toxicity from acetaminophen in pigeons, may also be useful for liver disease in general** **The Effects of Silymarin on Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Hepatic and Renal Toxicities in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia)** Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 34(4):348–357, 2020

Answer 12

* Trazodone = antidepressant used in human medicine * serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor * antagonist activity on the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor subtype and provides fairly weak inhibition of the serotonin transporter 5-HT; also blocks α1 and α2, adrenoreceptors and histamine H1 and 5-HT2C receptors * Low incidence of adverse effects for humans- anxiety, insomnia, sexual dysfunction * Pharmacokinetics have been evaluated in horses and dogs * used to decrease anxiety and stress during the perioperative period, treat thunderstorm and noise phobias, manage anxiety disorders * 2 studies on birds- trazodone did not appear to have any antidepressant or anxiolytic effects in young domestic fowl or pigeons * 30 mg/kg dose gave drug concentrations that were considered therapeutic for dogs/horses within 1 hour of drug administration PO * Unexpected fast absorption of the drug * Trazodone was not associated with any sedation or adverse effects in these pigeons * The authors are unsure if the dose was just not high enough to induce sedation or the mechanism of action of trazodone OR if the trazodone offset the stress/increase in activity of the handling needed to give the trazodone Desmarchelier, M. R., Beaudry, F., Ferrell, S. T., & Frank, D. (2019). Determination of the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of trazodone and its effect on the activity level of domestic pigeons (Columba livia). *American Journal of Veterinary Research*, *80*(1), 102-109.

Answer 13

Takeaway: DTPA (99mTc99-DTPA -diethylenepentaacetic acid, DTPA) clearance can be used to evaluate glomerular function in pigeons. MAG (99mTc-MAG3 - mercaptoacetyl triglycine, MAG3) similar for examining renal tubular excretion. * DTPA cleared similar to inulin, supports use for avian qualitative or semiquantitative glomerular function studies. MAG similar potential for examining renal tubular excretion. * Creatinine does not seem to be useful, further studies needed in birds. Other Info * Uric acid is excreted by active tubular secretion and does not provide reliable information about glomerular function * Conversion of creatine to creatinine inefficient in avian species -\> creatinine poor marker of glomerular function in birds. Creatine is the dominant circulating metabolite. * Birds are uricotelic, only produce limited amts of urea, reduces utility for renal function. * Not sensitive measure of renal filtration. * Creatinine also not produced in large amounts, less sensitive for renal dysfunction. UA excreted by active tubular secretion, not reliable for glomerular function. Wimsatt, J., Pearce, R., Steyn, P. F., Vap, L., & Glover, D. K. (2020). Comparative renal disposition of creatine, and technetium diagnostic contrast agents in the pigeon (columba livia). *Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine*, *50*(4), 891-896.

Answer 14

JAMS 2022 36(2):173-177 **Effects of Various Anticoagulants on Biochemistry Analytes From Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia domestica)** Heidarpour M, Razmyar J, Mohri M, Ghari M Key Points: - Prospective anticoagulant comparison study (n = 8 adult domestic pigeons) -- Blood samples collected from right basilic vein - Majority of biochemical tests in birds are conducted using plasma (vs. serum in mammals) - Significant decreases for many biochemical parameters in the sodium citrate & EDTA plasma -- Not resolved by applying a correction factor for the dilution -- Alterations of biochemical analytes in EDTA plasma have been described in humans, cattle, dogs, horses, cats, and sheep - Lithium heparin plasma samples and serum samples demonstrated similar results -- Except for significant decreases in ALP, albumin, triglyceride, calcium, and cholesterol -- Statistically significant reductions for triglyceride, calcium, cholesterol, and ALP may not be clinically significant because all values were within reference intervals -- However, the reduction of albumin may affect clinical decisions TLDR: Lithium heparin = most appropriate anticoagulant for domestic pigeon biochemistry panels

Answer 15

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 36(3), 262 271. **Safety of an Intravenous Formulation of Voriconazole as an Intramuscular Injection in Pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica)**. de Castro, I. F. C., Schmidt, V., Silvanose, C. D., Binoy, A., & Azmanis, P. N. Key Points: - Asper is a ubiquitous fungi, one of the main causes of death in hunting falcons in the Middle East. -- Azoles are used for treatment -- Voriconazole is a triazole (lanosterol 14a- demethylase inhibitor) with efficacy against many types of fungi including Aspergillus spp. -- Given PO, IV or nebulized -- IM in a recent falcon study showed that IM had a higher bioavailabuility than PO, no adverse effects -- Reports of vori-induced myositis, myopathy, and multifocal periostitis in humans after PO admin -- Adverse effects reported in birds include liver fxn alterations, GI signs, and neuro signs - Injectable voriconazole given IM appears to be a safe short-term option in pigeons. - IV voriconazole given IM at 12.5mg/kg BID x7d produced mild macroscopic and histo lesions in the pectoral muscles but no changes in CBC/chem values (not even CK- remained within RI!) AST, ALT and LDH all remained within RI - No long term pathology (no lesions seen after 14 days)

Columbiformes Flashcards

(39 cards)