COM 109 Final Flashcards

Question

Dovidio, Brown, Heltman, Ellyson, & Keating (1988)

Answer 1

Men vs Women topic talking Men talk the most/are more dominant about male topics AND NUETRAL TOPICS Women talk the most about female topics "Specific competencies and generalized competencies" (Gendered vs non gendered)

Answer 2

Expectation states theory: People have a range of expectations for performance on tasks. Specific competencies and generalized Behavior Interchange -> Performance expectations -> Status cycle Members will engage in resistance behavior and force a pushy (wannabe) leader to be proactive vs reactive and force them to create a hierarchy based on competency High status should not be using reactive language if you try to your interruption attempts are less successful

Answer 3

Proactive: Making a statement, “we should do this”, giving ideas and proposals etc Sound like they know what they are talking about Sounds competent Gets a boost in status compared to others Reactive:Someone else says something - good idea, that's smart - concenting, agreeing

Answer 4

Goes against Rosa and Masur -> They had four-person groups with two confederates (people working with the researchers). The dominant confederate acted aggressively (e.g., interrupting, making rude remarks, leaning forward, speaking loudly). The neutral confederate didn't do any of these things. They measured how much the bystanders (other group members) intervened in the situation. Men had total dominance. Competency builds hierarchy If you try to assume dominance too much you will get cut down.

Answer 5

A overly pushy loud interrupting dismissing leader will jump up

Answer 6

COMPENTANCY

Answer 7

A proactive interruption is when someone interrupts early in a conversation to take control or make a point before others do. If you try to be reactive when it doesn't fit your role you will be ignore and pushed to act more proactively especially if you are made the leader.

Answer 8

A reactive interruption happens when someone interrupts in response to something another person says, usually to challenge or add to the conversation. Both are successful if they help the interrupter make their point effectively.

Answer 9

Strong likelihood for biological origins of dominance behaviors—hierarchies emerge from competition over fitness-enhancing resources Humans use subtle cues to arrange status and dominance, but are typically focused on competence The process is collective—it involves people collectively agreeing upon the status order, as well as coalitions

Answer 10

Power of a speaker can be deduced from his/her accent

Answer 11

A coding scheme for the structure of arguments Language coding scheme for the structure not content of the complexity of information processing and decision making IC = Differentiation + Integration Influences on IC War Personality Social Context Future directions Both Liberals and conservatives can be integratively simple when considering hot button issues

Answer 12

Minimal integrative complexity ->Solution is Straightforward

Answer 13

Seeing different aspects of something and being able to view it from different angles. This is needed before you can bring everything together. Creates the difference between moderate and extremists *Extremists do better when their persuasion is integratively simple

Answer 14

"Heres these set of arguments for both positions let's compare and integrate a solution to address both things" It's about creating links between different ideas or views, like understanding trade-offs between options, combining perspectives, or connecting them to a bigger concept that includes all the differences.

Answer 15

Accountability and self presentation Fatigue stress intrapsychic conflict Audience characteristics Group decision making (Group Think) The political environment

Answer 16

"I don't like him. He bad. Let's get rid of him"

Answer 17

Recognize the existence of other views but no attempt to balance differences

Answer 18

Recognizes two sets of interests and choices Efforts to integrate conflicting perspectives + self reflective commentary on the viability of particular integrative proposals

Answer 19

Looked at political speeches before, during, and after the Gulf War. They found that the tone of the speeches showed how well coalitions were forming and that stress in the speeches marked the start of the war. Hawks supported the war, while doves were against it.

Answer 20

Saddam Hussein had low integrative complexity when Iraq invaded Kuwait, focusing on his own goals. George Bush had high integrative complexity, considering the perspectives of coalition members. As Saddam noticed his success, his complexity increased. However, Bush's complexity dropped as the war progressed and Saddam started winning. When peace talks began, Saddam's complexity dropped again. Once it became clear the U.S. coalition would win, Bush's complexity rose and peaked, reflecting his confidence in victory. | When you're about to go to war/need to boost war efforts use low IC. ## Footnote When the war is declared on you, you are winning, and when you've won you use high IC.

Answer 21

Coded the policy statements of senators Classified based on voting record as liberal moderate or conservative Statistically control for age education length of service in senate Also investigated stability of IC over time Conservatives: Lowest integrative complexity On average liberals and moderates are more integratively complex Works with personality hypothesis Argues against an alternative ideology hypothesis

Answer 22

Simplicity and complexity moves around based on social goals DC:Inherent assumption its legitimate to have multiple or two different views IC: Advocating for one viewpoint If you want to win START WITH HIGH INTEGRATIVE COMPLEXITY AND END WITH LOW INTEGRATIVE COMPLEXITY

Answer 23

while automated coding is less accurate than manual coding, it’s much faster and can handle large samples. But certain statements or language indicate differentiation or integration in speeches. | Computer less accurate but can handle more and fast. ## Footnote Statements, words, tone can measure IC in speeches.

Answer 24

Women’s interests: clothing, sewing etc Empty adjectives: charming, sweet Tag questions: I’m coming with you, all right? Hedges: sort of, I guess Intensifiers: very, so, really Hyper-correct grammar: let’s go fishing Super-polite forms: sorry to bother you but . . . Avoidance of humor: (see Hitchens) Talking in italics: I am very frustrated with you Indirect speech: I’m so thirsty (give me a drink!) Avoidance of expletives Less talking, more listening

Answer 25

Word familiarity and usage can differ between gender -> women were more familiar with and preferred words that were rare or uncommon

Answer 26

found that there were small but significant differences in language use between men and women

Answer 27

Men and women talk about the same

Answer 28

(Electronically Activated Recorder) to study people's real-life conversations. The device secretly records 30-second clips every 12.5 minutes, and people don’t know when it’s recording, which helps capture natural, unplanned speech

Answer 29

Women are socialized to use certain terms. Women can choose to use tentative language forms but then risk being perceived as unintelligent or incompetent (justifies subordination) women can choose more direct male language, but then risk being demeaned and ostracized for being unfeminine.

Answer 30

words have different meanings based on gender. For example, "bachelor" sounds positive, but "spinster" has a negative meaning. Also, "handsome" is for men, while "pretty" is for women, and titles like "Mr." and "Mrs." show different expectations for men and women

Answer 31

words linked to women or non-males are seen as negative or inferior. two fundamental categories, male and minus male. To be linked with male is to be linked to a range of meanings which are positive and good: to be linked to minus male is to be linked to the absence of those qualities, that is, to be decidedly negative and usually sexually debased”

Answer 32

English language was created by men and is still controlled by them. This gives men power and makes women seem less important or "other." Women continue to use this language, which keeps the gender imbalance going.

Answer 33

Party conversation study on interruptions -> men interrupted more than women, especially in mixed-gender conversations Male dominance is exhibited through male control of macro-institutions in society and is also exhibited through control of at least a part of one micro-institution.

Answer 34

Women interrupt as much as men do. (1) Women do more affiliative interrupting than men; (2) Men interrupt women more than other men, but the kind of interruption doesn’t matter (3) When women use disaffiliative content they are more likely to direct it at men than women

Answer 35

His study on SCT explains that male and female stereotypic speech shows: Under competition between groups women will use masculine speech. Gender becomes more important when people focus on it -> Men are less likely to be influenced by assertive women -> BUT if there's a shared identity (like a common goal), men are more likely to be influenced People’s language and identity become more important based on the social groups they identify with. In his study, men and women in same-sex or mixed-sex groups used different language styles, and their speech was rated by others. Identity salience, or how strongly someone identifies with a group, influenced their language use.

Answer 36

There is evidence that men and women use language differently On average, women do use more tentative language than men However:Women can use equally assertive language as men, particularly when there is conflict between men and women, where tentative/assertive language is not stereotypic, and when it fits the topic of discussion

Answer 37

People are judged more positively when their behavior fits social expectations for their gender or role. For example, women are seen more favorably in nurturing roles, while men are expected to be more assertive in leadership positions. When someone’s behavior doesn't match these expectations, they may be judged negatively.

Answer 38

Direct women would probably advance to a better position than a tentative woman

Answer 39

USES NO THEORY Women use tentative language strategically Women who use more tentative language than men and the more they use it the more influential they are with men. Men are threatened by assertive women and as a result they are more likely to be influenced like tentative non threatening women Not influenced by pushy women (makes sense?)

Answer 40

Real Women wear pink: female executives at certain companies are trained to be less assertive and more feminine to fit traditional expectations of femininity -> Limits women in their professions

Answer 41

direct language makes people seem more competent but less likable. In their study, they showed that female managerial applicants who used more powerful, direct language were seen as more competent, but also less likable. For male applicants, the use of direct language didn’t affect how they were perceived.

Answer 42

Study with teacher -> Male and female students reactions -> Looked at how dominant communication (being assertive or in control of a conversation) affects male and female teachers. Both male and female teachers who communicated dominantly (took charge in the conversation) were seen as more proactive (like they were in control and organizing the class well). There was no difference in how effective the male and female teachers were—both were equally effective regardless of their gender.

Answer 43

Expectation states theory (berger) Gender is a diffuse status characteristic Legitimacy of status expectations Tentative women can be influential with men by being tentative and thus liked by men Gender is a status trait

Answer 44

Women are communal (pleasant kind trustworthy) Men are agentic (assertive dominant powerful) Leaders are agentic Women who try to be agentic are resisted by men and not influential because they have to be communal When women try to act assertive or dominant, men resist them, and they aren't seen as influential.

Answer 45

Compared how males and females approach and coordinate discussions on different issues. How tentative language affects people's opinions after a discussion. When college identity was important, tentative language had a strong effect -> when gender was highlighted, there was no significant effect

Answer 46

The goal was to understand how gender bias in hiring has changed over time and if people could anticipate these trends.

Answer 47

the mechanism resulting in womens undereprensation today may lie more on the supply side in womens decisions not to apply than on the demand side in antifemale bias in hiring

Answer 48

Gender salience and language use Social influence and gender salience The glass cieling phenomenon Very few ecologically valid experiments Meta analysis shows women’s choices not to apply may explain much of the gender gap in STEM, not hiring discrimination.

Answer 49

Gender salience refers to how important or noticeable gender is in a particular situation. When gender is salient, it means people are more aware of or focused on gender differences, which can influence behavior, communication, and decision-making.

Answer 50

Tentative refers to something that is uncertain, hesitant, or not fully decided. In language, tentative language includes words or phrases that soften statements or show hesitation, like "maybe," "I think," or "could be." It's often used to express uncertainty or politeness.

Answer 51

Government Private Sector Personal Motivation Corporate malfeasance Corrupt politicans Military leaders on boards of weapons and companies Leaders of authoritarian states Large corporations that control politicans Physicians who perform non functional treatments

Answer 52

Personality or great man approach Situational approach Combinatorial approaches most theories Personality/Great Man Approach – Suggests leaders are born, not made, with innate traits like charisma and intelligence. Situational Approach – Argues leadership depends on the situation, meaning different styles work best in different contexts. Combinatorial Approaches – Blend multiple theories, considering both traits and situational factors to explain effective leadership.

Answer 53

eMERGENCE Stabilizing the leadership position Power differentiation The potential abuse of power against followers

Answer 54

Engineer your image by altering how you speak: Works in a circle with power of language To stand out as a defining group member you Say the right things to the right people Use the right words, terms, and slang I AM JUST LIKE YOU Convince others you are just like them to gain power and opportunity

Answer 55

Prototypicality, Power Base, Support, Contenders Language used to create/maintain prototypicality (2) Prototypical position makes it possible to gain power bases (3) Gaining power bases makes it further possible to control the prototypical position: (a) gain/maintain support (b) side-line contenders

Answer 56

Leader Emergence The group decides who fits best. The most typical or representative person naturally becomes the leader because they match what the group values.

Answer 57

leader ship effectiveness function of social attraction and group prototypicality particularly for high identifying followers

Answer 58

Leadership with ingroup stereotypic traits attributed high level of charisma regardless of their rhetoric But leaders with outgroup stereotypic traits had to use group oriented rhetoric to be attributed high charisma

Answer 59

stabilizing the leadership position -> A leader facing a loss may use bold actions, like war or crisis management, to rally support and stay in power—an abuse of power that still benefits the group.

Answer 60

Differentiation: leaders start seeing themselves as separate from their followers. They justify using power to protect themselves rather than serving the group, laying the groundwork for future abuse.

Answer 61

Stage 1 Leader Emergence, Stage 2 stabilizing the leadership position, 3

Answer 62

Class president -> Good to us not nice to them

Answer 63

abuse of power -> there is a shift from leadership based on persuasion and influence to leadership based on coercion and control -> leaders stop leading through influence and start ruling through force and control, turning against their own people to maintain power.

Answer 64

An intergroup relationship between leaders and followers + Much discretionary power Differentiation of self from followers (i.e., an ingroup-outgroup relationship) Sufficient conditions: A threat to the leadership position by followers

Answer 65

Group performance task on word associations -> Unstable best performer will become leader (protect yourself interest if you have high dominance orientation)

Answer 66

If you have low dominance it doesnt matter the conditions you just give all the clues IF you have high and youre stable you give high level clues If you are unstable and high the quality of clues goes down, you protect your own self interest to keep being leader Even if it costs the group Desire to exclude talented members Lower dominance: no why would i do that?! High dominance: stable - keep em Unstable high dominance: kick them out!

Answer 67

WW2 - Accidental bombing Hit back “He did it on purpose” *Got revenge

Answer 68

secure compliance by controlling their thoughts and desire

Answer 69

Abuse of power is possible when leaders have too much power and an intergroup relationship with followers Abuse of power is triggered by threat to leadership position Threats due to inside sources Threats due to external sources Institutional capture is likely a very common form of abuse of power ie normalized abuses of power in some disciplines

Answer 70

PC is a strategy in which political actors (on the left and right) use and promote ideologies that enable the control of discourse and by extension, political adversaries Political Incorrectness (PiC) is language and attitudes that are inconsistent with PC Ideology Language Protection from sexual and ethnic minorities Strong sense of moral authority Proselytizing PC excess use as a pejorative Victimhood culture PC children stories a strategy where political figures, both left and right, push ideologies to control discourse and weaken opponents. Involve claims of moral superiority to justify their stance.

Answer 71

Free Speech in U.S You need to let people say bad things in order to keep freedom

Answer 72

Transition to a new moral culture Honor culture Dignity cultures Victimhood cultures

Answer 73

Status can be used to justify sanctions against those who would communicate politically incorrect opinions and beliefs More common in places where life is characteristically stable safe and prosperous. Involves appeals to authorities whose organizational existence validates the culture (eg: microaggression tribunals that consider evidence of microaggressions perpetuated on college campuses) people appeal to authority or third parties to address perceived offenses, sometimes exaggerating or falsifying them (e.g., the Lindsay Shepherd case). It paradoxically thrives in highly egalitarian societies, where even minor offenses feel extreme. Victimhood becomes a tool to justify and advance ideological agendas.

Answer 74

i.e., more conservative students (but not liberal) report being more likely to self-censor under the PC than control prime Marginalized victims: women racial sexual and religious minority groups Dominant victims: white christians and men Effect not moderated by participant sex or race (white vs poc) Ie effect ideology Divergence of political views about who the victims are Left and right perceive themselves as victims Left especially sees women race victims etc

Answer 75

"A phenomenon in which members of the political left and right aim to control opponents" Replacement terms for those that are sexist Avoidance of stereotyping Avoidance of essentializing terms e.g., replace handicapped with “person with a disability”

Answer 76

The strong moral aspect of PCSIT (Perceived Cultural and Social Injustice Theory) suggests that when there's intergroup conflict, both the offender and the victim groups should be careful about how much offense they take and how much they want to punish others. Also, individual differences play a role in how offended someone feels, especially things like dominance motivation (desire to control or lead) and status aspiration (wanting to be recognized or respected). These personal motivations can shape how strongly someone feels offended or wants to react.

Answer 77

Matching prototypes is often strategic whereas SCT it is passive

Answer 78

Cases where leaders abuse power by pursuing self interest over intergroup interest

Answer 79

Belief in moral authority control of discourse focus on victimhood

Answer 80

My side bias Biased assimilation Confirmation bias Ingroup favoritism Hostile media bias Cohen, party over policy Pluralistic ignorance. . . Should we expect people to have veridical perceptions of things like racism, sexism, micro-aggressions or not?

Answer 81

Scar and Ailment Study Perceptions of the impact of negative valued physical characteristics on social interaction People who “have scars” believe already that people will have stigma against them even when the people they speak to don't Scar Ss attended more to the gaze of the confederate Scar and epilepsy Ss saw confederates as more tense, believed they were judged less attractive by the confederate. Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 82

Virtuous Victims: judged more moral in 5/6 cases (corrupt MD being the exception) If someone is seen as a victim they are judged more morally valuable and more trustworthy They have done nothing but be a victim of someone elses behavior (Except for the corrupt doctor)

Answer 83

People see victims as morally virtuous because (i) people typically face incentives for justice restorative actions, (ii) seeing victims as virtuous motivates people to help victims and punish perpetrators

Answer 84

Part of the reason we see victims as virtuous because it lets 3rd parties intervene in ways that benefits themselves

Answer 85

Expensive to produce -> Some (low quality) evidence that DEI initiatives can back- fire, fostering discomfort and perceptions of unfairness, and increased racial resentment. DEI is effective in creating or reinforcing the belief that americans were taught to be racist and that america is a white privliged patriarchal society

Answer 86

Instructing animosity: How DEI pedagogy produces the hostile attribution bias Study on DEI training and systematic oppression

Answer 87

Anti-Racist Materials PART 1 Exposed people to control essay on US corn production vs part of an essay by DEI scholars PART 2 Told a story about a student that was rejected from East Coast University Result: DEI materials made people perceive bias when there was none. High rates of false alarms

Answer 88

disproportionately directed at high status offenders Comments by Obama Summers etc If a random person makes an offensive statement nobody cares If someone has social status there is more offense ->Worthwhile to boost your own status

Answer 89

Research on sex differences seems to reliably elicit offense High status person that is male saying these things offends women more. Highest level of endorsement of sanctions against the researchers

Answer 90

Intergroup sensitivity, specifically offense Endorsement of sanctions: Miller: e.g., deserves to be disciplined; should be required to make a public apology; be required to take a gender sensitivity training course, get banned, leave the meeting

Answer 91

Additive effects of source and recipient Male researcher and female participants most offense Lowest: Male with female researcher Social status part does not matter for offense

Answer 92

High aspiration for social status leads you to claim you were offended The most aspiration for social status the more you want to sanction only if they have high social status

Answer 93

Offense and intergroup sensitivity Sanctions and sensitivity But there is also a role for status aspiration, which suggests that offense and the desire for sanction is a strategy to gain personal status

Answer 94

Signaling Virtuous Victimhood: Negative consequences of being a victim: PTSD; Psychological distress, fear, anxiety Loss of esteem; Heightened perceptions of vulnerability Diminished sense of power; security, trust, and optimism Stigmatization, victim blame Campbell & Manning (2018): Victimhood culture emerged in the U.S. Claiming victimhood advantageous and even fashionable Why? Redress, justice, healing

Answer 95

Transfer resources from individuals or organizations If you can prove you are a virtuous victim more people are most likely/willing to give empathy, help

Answer 96

Psychopathy Narcissism (MOST) Machiavellianism Symbolic demonstrations of moral character Dark triad traits: Willingness to use deception and manipulation more likely to emit virtuous victimhood signals

Answer 97

Yes When you describe people in virtuous terms and ask others if they are willing to help with their challenges they get more social compensations Someone who is manipulative might be motivated to show themselves in virtuous terms as a victims to receive the social benefit

Answer 98

People perceive bias in others responses to a stigma, even when the stigma is not present People are offended as a function of group membership and status striving, thus leading to favoritism for sanctions Dark Triad traits are implicated in virtuous victimhood signaling People perceive bias where there is none, if they have been exposed to DEI training materials

Answer 99

Government Actions UFOs Consumption and Health Diseases

Answer 100

"Internal investigation" Mark McClellan (Former FDA commissioner Johnson and Johnson) Run a company and be a part of the committee (you gave yourself more control) Corporate greed Need to keep drugs from being overregulated Revolve from one role to another

Answer 101

sets of often erroneous beliefs that people use to explain malevolent and or unlawful acts that are directed by and in favor of a small powerful group that works in secret against a larger group of unwitting victims Explanations for events that provoke widespread social anxiety and uncertainty Resist falsification aided by psychological biases Focus on powerful groups Social stressors (warfare pandemic disease) Emotional significance Sources are usually powerful groups Content is emotionally laden discovery can be gratifying People who spread CTs can gain social approval and status The bar of evidentiary standards to confirm CTs is low while the bar for falsification is high The survival of CTs aided by psychological biases and distrust of official sources Background psychological mechanisms are part of buying into CTs CTs are believed by most people

Answer 102

Rumors People believe and pass along rumors when there is social anxiety and uncertainty

Answer 103

Top down: leadership and justification for war Bottom up: Uncertain threatening environments Intergroup conflict (war terrorism disease natural disasters) Aided by shared psychological proclivities: Anxiety Emotional gratification Sense making patterns and need for control Places where life is tough -> More likely to believe ? No it happens anywhere there is STRESS

Answer 104

CTs spread aided by shared psychological mechanisms: Narrative appeal informational value Emotional gratification Illusory pattern perception Motivations for establishing control Cognitive processes and information gathering Confirmation Bias

Answer 105

we see patterns that conform to our prior theories and discount or ignore information that does not confirm our hypothesis

Answer 106

(Bottom Up) Good story Emotionally gratifying Illusionary patterns Motivations for controls Process that affect your ability to accurately process information

Answer 107

Urban legends: people pass along information because of informational content or because of emotions More disgusting urban legends are more likely to be spread than less disgusting ones Urban legends are passed on because they are plausible form a good story are entertaining and satisfy emotions Standard explanation: Negative emotions diffuse emotions (anxiety) Emotional state prompted by social events Elicit Disgust -> Disgust stories that elicit specific emotions are passed along

Answer 108

Backwards songs, Carvings in trees, grilled cheese, etc pEOPLE SEE PATTERNS WHERE THERE ARE NONE Or you cant see it unless its pointed out to you

Answer 109

People with high stress anxiety inducing jobs are more likely to believe or create rituals superstitions patterns etc in order to ease their lack of control and anxiety. It does not matter if any of them actually work. Lack control and pattern perception in snowy image task those who lacked control were more likely to report seeing an image in random patterns

Answer 110

What predicts belief in CT:More ammonia more conspiracy theories More authoritarian more conspiracy theories Stress and stressful life events both predict belief in conspiracy theories

Answer 111

Epistemically unwarranted beliefs ->Paranormal eg Bigfoot ghosts Conspiracy eg MLK assassination moon landings faked Pseudoscience eg evolution global warming

Answer 112

EVERYONE! Any where stress exists! Does not matter the geographical location! Members of Relatively powerless groups: Neo Naxis Militia men Anti globalization protestors Ethnic minorities subjected to intense discrimination

Answer 113

If you are committed to a theory you are more biased towards that information process unless you are moderate Do you believe that president John F K was killed by a lone assassin named Lee Harvey Oswald or that there were multiple assassins and therefore a conspiracy to kill president kennedy Completely certain oswald alone killed jfk -59 to completely certain a conspiracy

Answer 114

Overlapping Conspiracies Bolded correlations are mutually exclusive but people beliefe eg both that diana was killed by birtish intelligence and that she was killed by al fayeds business enimies

Answer 115

Error Management Interpretation: We make errors if we think the cost is low All kinds of benefits of thinking one way How to tell which groups have malicious intent towards you vs which ones aren't Better to assume safe than sorry Make lots of false positive: low cost error and saves your life

Answer 116

Humans are willing to believe things without evidence Explains the Low cost mistakes that betray a mechanism that is useful for actual threats Distinguishing truth from falsity is a scientific enterprise Conspiracy theories are emotionally gratifying Conspiracy theories spread informally when they satisfy a range of psychological biases Belief in conspiracies can undermine behaviors such as valid vaccine uptake and health measures

Answer 117

Based assimilation and Fundamental Attribution error

Answer 118

When the individual making the judgement is committed to an ideology that deems the behavior politically incorrect. The politically incorrect statements are made by an outgroup member. There is sharply polarized political environment

Answer 119

Contain a relatively high rate of false positives

Answer 120

People who are high in Dark Triad traits are likely to advertise victimhood status. The people displaying them likely gain social benefits such as donations. They are more likely to engage with cancelling other people.

Answer 121

opinion leaders (those with more influence) exhibited higher integrative complexity, meaning they considered multiple perspectives. However, non-leaders often showed lower complexity, focusing on simpler, less nuanced views, contributing to a divide in online political discussions.

Answer 122

Leaders use language to shape identity and power. They found that leaders strategically use social categorizations (like "us vs. them") to influence group identity, strengthen their authority, and guide group behavior. Effective leadership language helps build unity and control within a group.

COM 109 Final Flashcards

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