COMBANK Flashcards
550 (20 cards)
the ligamentum teres is a remnant of the…
umbilical vein (there is 1 vein)
the median umbilical ligament is the remnant of the…
urachus
the ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of the…
ductus arteriosus
the ligamentum venosum is a remnant of the…
ductus venosus
the medial umbilical ligament is a remnant of the…
umbilical arteries (there are 2 arteries)
enzyme deficiency in Hunter’s syndrome
iduronate-2-sulfatase
a lysosomal enzyme involved in the breakdown of mucopolysaccharides, such as heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. This results in accumulation of partially degraded GAGs in the brain, bones, heart, lungs, and visceral organs. Presents clinically between 1-2 years old. Common presenting symptoms include abdominal hernias, ear infections, and frequent coldsDifferentiate Hunter’s disease from the more severe, Hurler’s syndrome, by the presence or absence of corneal clouding. Additionally, Hurler’s is autosomal recessive and Hunter’s is X-linked recessive
enzyme deficiency in Krabbe’s disease
galactocerebrosidase
accumulation of galactocerebroside results in peripheral neuropathy, developmental delays, and optic atrophy. This is an autosomal recessive condition.
what eeg characteristics are seen in stage 2 sleep?
sleep spindles and K complexes
what eeg characteristics are seen in sleep stages 3 and 4?
delta waves (slow wave sleep)
what eeg characteristics are see in REM sleep?
mixed frequency waves, changing from waves resembling slow wave sleep to faster waves resembling wakefulness (EEG desynchrony). During REM sleep, people experience muscle atonia. REM sleep occupies 20% to 25% of sleep.
what is the pathology of Barrett esophagus?
columnar metaplasia replacing normal squamous epithelium
what does Barrett esophagus increase risk for?
esophageal adenocarcimoma
what are the risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?
being a black man, alcohol, tobacco, hot foods/drinks, HPV, achalasia, caustic ingestion
how does warfarin affect PT, PTT and bleeding time?
increases PT and PTT (both pathways have vitamin K dependent clotting factors and warfarin inhibits epoxide reductase such that vitamin K cannot be reduced to its active form)
no effect on bleeding time (does not affect platelets)
what is the histiologic finding in seborrheic keratosis?
proliferations of pigmented squamous epithelial cells with keratin-filled intraepidermal horn cysts
what is the pathology and presentation of Meniere disease?
path: excess endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear (endolumphatic hydrops/hydropic dilation of the coclea)
presentation: episodic vertigo, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, aural fullness, tinnitus, normal brain MRI
how does Boerhaave syndrome present?
middle-aged men following consumption of alcohol or binge eating with the Mackler triad of a history of vomiting, thoracic pain, and subcutaneous emphysema (note - rarely presents with hematemesis)
what is the inheritance pattern, path and presentation of rotor syndrome?
benign, autosomal recessive liver disorder characterized by chronic, predominantly conjugated, non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia due to inability to transport bilirubin gluconides into bile canaliculi. The main symptom consists of mild-to-moderate recurrent jaundice without pruritus that often occurs following fasting states
what type of hypersensitivity is associated w/Graves Disease?
Type II, non-cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction involving TSH receptor antibodies that elicit the overproduction of thyroid hormone and do NOT lead to destruction of the tissue
what is the innervation of biceps femoris?
the common peroneal (L4-S2) and tibial (L4-S3) branches of the sciatic nerve
