Comm 1081 Flashcards by Cherry Alvaro

Q

What is communication

A

A process by which people share ideas, experience, knowledge, feelings

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Q

How do we communicate

A

Written and spoken words, body language, pictures/ symbols, facial expression

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Q

Why do we NEED to communicate?

A

Needs:
Physical
Social
Identify
Practical

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Q

Physical needs (what do we communicate)

A

Hungry, thirsty, in pain…

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Q

Identity needs (what do we communicate)

A

Sense of identity—from the way we communicate and interact with others

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Q

Social needs (what do we communicate)

A

Pleasure
Affection
Companionship
Escape
Relaxation
Control

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Q

Practical needs (what do we communicate)

A

Instrumental goals
-goals aimed at getting others to behave in desired way

Career success
-identified basic communication needs

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Q

What are MASLOW’s HEIRARCHY OF NEEDS
(bottom-top)

A

Lowest: physiological needs
Safety
Love & belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualization
Self-transcendence

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Q

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what do we need met/satisfy first

A

Lowest-level which is the physiological needs must be met and satisfied first before higher order ones are activated

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Q

_____ is a CONTINUOUS TRANSACTIONAL process involving participants who occupy different, but overlapping environments and create relationships through the exchange of _____ by ____, ____, and _____ noise

A

Interpersonal communcation
Words
External, physiological, psychological (noise)

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Q

What are Process of communication (4)?

A

Inter - other people
Extra- environment, objects
Peri- device, interface
Infra- self, thoughts, reflection

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Q

What are the two views of interpersonal communication?

A

Quantitative interpersonal communication
Qualitative interpersonal communication

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Q

This type of interpersonal communication is usually done face-to-face between individuals

A

Quantitative interpersonal communication
* 2 people interacting = DYAD

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Q

This type of interpersonal communication occurs when people treat one another UNIQUE INDIVIDUALS regardless of the context or the number of people involved

A

Qualitative interpersonal communication

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Q

5 communication principles

A

Intentional/ unintentional
Irreversible
Impossible not to communicate
Ongoing process
Has content and relational dimensions

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Q

What principle of communication is this?

we plan our words carefully before asking for a big favour/ offering a criticism
*can be non-verbal messages

A

Intentional or unintentional communication

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Q

What principle of communication is this?

*words said and deeds done are irretrievable
(explanation can be done for misunderstanding)

A

Communication is Irreversible

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Q

What principle of communication is this?

When we communicate all the time, but may not always be accurately interpreted

A

Impossible not to communicate

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Q

What principle of communication is this?

Ongoing process making it impossible to repeat an event

A

Communication is unrepeatable/ irreversible

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Q

What principle of communication is this?

Most exchanges operate on two levels:

A

Content and relational

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Q

Types of noise in the process of communication (3)

A

External noise (running motors, smoke, temperature, visual distraction)
Physiological noise ( pain, hunger, visual problems, fatigue, hearing loss)
Psychological noise (embarrassment, anger, disappointment, nervousness)

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Q

Models of communication (3)

A

Transmission model
Interaction model
Transaction model

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Q

What model of communication is this?:

Focus is on the sender and the message
“Noise” may interfere with message

A

Transmission model

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Q

What model of communication is this?:
There is presence of feedback
Both people are sender and receiver
Presence of both physical and psychological

A

Interaction model

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What model of communication is this?: Communication is more than a process used to create meaning Social realities Social and cultural context is carefully considered

Transactional model

It is a form to communicating and presenting ourselves Outside-public self (what they can see: appearance) Inside- private self (what you know about yourself, but others don’t)

Self-concept bag

How does communication competence help to better our communication skills?

1, motivation and open-mindedness 2. Knowledge of other cultures and mindfulness

Characteristics of Competent communication: 5

*Ability to perform skillfully (practice) *Involvement (caring about person and topic) *empathy and perspective taking (thinking and feeling) *cognitive complexity (consider multiple points of view) *self-monitoring (self-awareness while communicating)

What are the qualities of good communicator?

1. Warmth (facial expression, tone of voice) 2.genuine (be real, honest, tone matches words 3. Openness (be candid, has a sense of humour) 4. Empathetic (tune in to their feelings, understand their perspective)

Give some 5 characteristics of Competent communication

Involvement (being in the present) Empathy and perspective taking (reflection) Self-monitoring (self-awareness) Choice (language and tone) Cognitive complexity (ability to consider diff. Points of view) Ability to change Practice

Give some 5 characteristics of Competent communication

Involvement (being in the present) Empathy and perspective taking (reflection) Self-monitoring (self-awareness) Choice (language and tone) Cognitive complexity (ability to consider diff. Points of view) Ability to change Practice

Qualities of good communicator (4)

Empathetic Genuineness Openness Warmth

Steps to good communication

Provide a calm situation (minimize noise and distractions) Approach slowly from the FRONT Get attention (name, touch, eye contact) Converse at eye level Use a calm and controlled voice Keep it short Be sure you are understood Use visual cues

A term used to communicate to the other person that you are ready, willing and able to listen

Attending skills

How do you convey attending skills? At least 5

Open posture Make an eye-contact Face the speaker Nodding your head Wait for the speaker to stop before speaking Keep hands and feet still Ignore distractions Focus on what is being said Ask questions

This focus on specific information Require a yes/no answer

Closed Ended Question

This invites the person to share thoughts, feelings, or ideas Answer is more than a yes/no

Open Ended Questions

_____ More than just recognizing the words, but you show you are listening by _____ what you have heard

Reflecting feeling Reflecting back

Potential influences on how we communicate: give 5

Body language/non-verbal Language used Existing knowledge Memory Assumptions Listening skills Clarity Culture

This is a multi-dimensional construct that refers to an individual's perception of “self” Relatively stable set of self perceptions

Self-concept

What are the components of self-concept: 4

Self-esteem Personal Identity Body image Role performance

It is derived from a sense of giving and receiving love, and being respected by others Extent: we like, accept, or approve of ourselves May have a + or - view of ourselves

Self-esteem

This is an attitude about one’s physical attributes and characteristics, appearance, and performance Any change in body structure or function can affect it

Body image

This is the organizing principle of the personality that accounts for continuity, consistency and uniqueness of a person

Personal Identity

Personal Identity includes: 3 images

1. Emotional images (feelings about oneself) 2. Cognitive images (involves intelligence, past experiences and the process of thinking) 3. Perceptual images (derived from the external sensory data=mental pictures of reality)

Refers to q set of expected behaviours determined by familial, cultural, and social norms If role is unable to fulfill=self concept is impaired

Role performance

Give factors affecting self-concept: 4

*Factors across the lifespan (infants-preschooler, adolescents) *Psychological factors (sadness, stress, loss, abusive relationships) *Culture and lifestyle factors (culture, socioeconomic status, living condition) *Physiological factors (fatigue, trauma, chronic illness, surgery, disability, obesity)

This is genetically inherited personality traits influence our approach to communication

Biological and Social Roots to Self Concept

Give the two influences on identity

1. Diversity - race or ethnicity, age, culture, language, religion 2. Culture- integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behaviour

4 stages of self-fulfilling prophecy

1. You HOLD an expectation 2. You BEHAVE in accordance with expectation 3. Expectation comes true 4. Original expectation is reinforced

This is the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information We assign meaning to the world around us

Perception

Perception is affected by factors in the _____, in the object or _______ being perceived, and in the _____ or _______

Perceiver Target Context or situation

True or False We often use our perceptions to predict what we think the other will think or do next

True

3 Factors that influence perception

1. Psychological influences (mood, self-concept, psychological challenges) 2. Physiological influences (hunger, thirst, health, fatigue) 3. Social influences (gender roles, age, occupational role)

Our Interpretations are influenced by our ____ and our _______

*self-concept *attitudes

This is a mental framework or blueprint that we develop throughout our lives to make sense of our interactions with other people

Schemata

Ingrained patterns of thinking and feeling that influence how we perceive, interpret, and respond to social situations.

Schemata

the process by which organisms understand their environment through organizing and interpreting sensory information.

Perception influenced by physical, environmental, and learned factors and varies between individuals.

three phases of perception

*selecting relevant information *organizing it *interpreting what it means.

true/false 1.You often categorize people based on an easily recognized characteristics 2.You assign a set of characteristics to most or all members of a category 3.You apply the set of characteristics to any member of the group

all true

ability to re-create another person's perspective, to experience the world from other's point of view

empathy

viewing another person's situation from your point of view you feel bad for them but fail to relate emotionally

sympathy

Shows how the brain processes words and colours differently

Stoop Effect

the biological and chemical reaction or response in the body to an internal or external trigger

Emotions

*conscious evaluation or appraisal of what we are experiencing *how we interpret emotions and let them sink in

Feelings

True/ false Feelings can be impacted by stories we’ve created in our head based on events of the past or fears of the future—not necessarily the truth of the situation.

True

Psychologist who identified six basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures.

Paul Eckman

What are 7 Universal Human Emotions

1. Happiness 2. Sadness 3. Anger 4. Fear 5. Disgust 6. Surprise 7. Contempt

Reactions to meaningful events and include cognitive and physiological changes.

Emotions

What is an image made up of symbols used in text messages, emails, etc. to express a particular emotion

Emoctions

true/false It is important to communicate the intensity of the emotion Emotions are often mixed however we tend to only communicate one and usually the most negative one

true

Body Language remember this tip- “PEOPLE”= what does it means?

* (P)OSTURES & GESTURES * How do you use hand gestures? How do you stand? * (E)YE CONTACT * How’s your “Lighthouse”? * (O)RIENTATION * How do you position yourself? * (P)RESENTATION * How do you deliver your message? * (L)OOKS * Are your looks, appearance, dress important? * (E)XPRESSIONS OF EMOTION * Are you using facial expressions to express emotion?

the ability to manage and monitor one own emotions and effectively respond to the emotions of others

Emotional intelligence

the Rational, most advanced part of your brain. It allows you to be here, to listen, learn, then put into action.

Cerebral Cortex where we process

the centre of emotions

* LIMBIC System* This is where the fight flight or freeze response “lives”

four clusters of emotional intelligence

* Self-awareness * Self-management * Social awareness * Social skills

True/ false Men: *Rarely express feelings of vulnerability *More likely to express positive emotions and strengths

true

True/false Women: *More likely to express feelings of vulnerability *More likely to express positive emotions *More sensitive to emotions of others

True

people feel comfortable revealing their feelings to others who are close to them

Individualist Cultures

discourage expression of any negative emotions that might upset relationships among people who belong to the in-group

Collectivist Cultures (e.g. Japan and India)

3 Guidelines for Expressing Emotions

1. Share Multiple Feelings 2. Accept Responsibility for your Feelings 3. Consider when and where to express your feelings

Kind of emotions that are distinguished by intensity and duration

Facilitative and debilitative emotions

are intense but brief, assisting in effective functioning

Facilitative Emotions

* Come from accepting irrational thoughts as truth * The level, or intensity, of the emotion we're feeling, determines our response to the emotion

Debilitative Emotions

* How often do you get angry each day? * What are the causes of irritation in your life? * How upsetting is each episode of anger? * How well do you manage each episode?

Angry Thermometer

It refers to the judgement and evaluations we make about our self-concept

Self-esteem

Refers to the overall idea of who a person thinks he or she is

Self-concept

What influences our self-perception

Social and family influence Cultural influences Media

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information

Perception