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WSET Diploma Unit 2 (OUT OF DATE) > Commercially Significant Black Cultivars > Flashcards

Commercially Significant Black Cultivars Flashcards

1
Q

Cabernet Franc Synonyms

A

Bouchet Franc (St. Emilion and Pomerol, Bordeaux, France)

Breton (Loire, France)

Bordo (Veneto, Italy)

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2
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Cabernet Franc?

A

Early budding

Mid Ripening

Susceptible to Spring Frost and Coulure

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3
Q

What is the structure of Cabernet Franc?

A

Moderate Acid

Moderate Tannins

Moderate Alcohol

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4
Q

Cabernet Franc Profile

Cool Climate

A

Raspberry

Herbaceous
(Grassy, Leafy)

High Acid

Low-Medium Tannins

Low-Medium Alcohol

Low-Medium Body

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5
Q

Cabernet Franc Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Raspberry

Plum

Medium-High Acid

Medium Tannins

Medium Body

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6
Q

Cabernet Franc Profile

Oak Flavors

A

Toast

Vanillin

Smoke

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7
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Profile

Under-ripeness

A

Herbaceous

Green Bean, Grassy, Green Pepper

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8
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Profile

Over-ripeness

A

Jammy

Baked Fruit

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9
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Profile

Age

A

Tobacco/Cedar

Earth

Vegetal

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10
Q

What grapes are Cabernet Franc commonly blended with?

A

Merlot

Cabernet Sauvignon

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11
Q

Cabernet Franc Profile

Oak

A

Toast

Vanillin

Smoke

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12
Q

Cabernet Franc Profile

Over-ripeness

A

Jammy

Dried Fruit

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13
Q

Cabernet Franc Profile

Age

A

Tobacco/Cedar

Vegetal

Savory

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14
Q

What atypical flavors might be evident in certain styles/terroirs of Cabernet Franc?

A

Fragrant Violet

Graphite

Pencil Shavings

Tobacco

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15
Q

Where is Cabernet Franc grown?

A

Loire Valley, France

Bordeaux Right Bank, France

California and Washington, USA

Canada

Australia

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16
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Synonyms

A

Vidure (Graves, Bordeaux, France)

Bouchet (St. Emilion and Pomerol, Bordeaux, France)

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17
Q

Which cultivars are the parents of Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Cabernet Franc x Sauvignon Blanc

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18
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Vigorous in a wide variety of soils and climates

Low Yielding

Winter Hardy (-15°C)

Late Budding

Late Ripening

Susceptible to Powdery Mildew, Esca, and Eutypa

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19
Q

What gives Cabernet Sauvignon its high concentration of phenolics?

A

A high pip (seed) to pulp ratio

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20
Q

What is the structure of Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

High Acid

High Tannin

High Alcohol

Medium Body (in cooler climates)

Deep color

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21
Q

Why does Merlot make such a good blending partner for Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Merlot can soften the firm structure of Cabernet Sauvignon.

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22
Q

What grapes are Cabernet Sauvignon commonly blended with? Where?

A

Merlot and Cabernet Franc (Bordeaux, France and similar styles)

Syrah (Especially Australia, for premium and quality wines)

Often supplies color, acidity, tannin, and aromatic fruit to other varieties.

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23
Q

Where did Cabernet Sauvignon originate? How does it ripen there?

A

Bordeaux, France

It is the cooler limit of Cabernet Sauvignon’s ripening range

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24
Q

In which country is the Cabernet Sauvignon/Syrah blend popular?

A

Australia

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25
Q

What popular non-French wine regions may use small amounts of Cabernet Sauvignon to enhance the characteristics of the wine?

A

Chianti, Toscana, Italy

Ribera del Duero, Spain

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26
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Profile

Hot Climate

A

Black Fruit
(Black Cherry)

Medicinal
(Menthol)

Black Olive

Medium Acid

High Tannin

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27
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Profile

Oak

A

Toast

Coffee

Vanillin

Nuttiness

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28
Q

What are some positive characteristics of Cabernet Franc?

A

Gives some similar structure and flavors as Cabernet Sauvignon but ripens in cooler, wetter conditions

High quality potential

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29
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Black Fruit
(Blackcurrant)

Herbaceous
(Cedar, Mint)

High Acid

High Tannin

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30
Q

What are some negative characteristics of Cabernet Franc?

A

In the shadow of Cabernet Sauvignon

Low profile

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31
Q

What are some positive characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

High quality potential

Wines can age well

Popular and well-recognized

Distinct varietal character that shows in a wide range of growing conditions

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32
Q

What are some negative characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Can be austere and hollow on its own

Ripens late and can be difficult to ripen fully

Low yields despite high vigor

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33
Q

Garnacha Synonyms

A

Grenache Noir (France)

Cannonau (Sardegna, Italy)

Iladoner (Catalunya, Spain)

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34
Q

Before 1900, what was the world’s most planter black cultivar? Which cultivars have surpassed it?

A

Garnacha

Current Leaders:
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Tempranillo
Syrah
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35
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Garnacha?

A

Vigorous

Productive

Early Budding

Late Ripening

Tolerant of drought, heat, and wind (strong stalks)

Susceptible to poor fruit set, Downy Mildew, Grey Rot, and Berry Moth

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36
Q

What is the structure of Garnacha?

A

Low Color

Low Tannins

Low Acid

Easily obtains high sugar levels (15%-16% ABV possible)

The wines have a propensity to oxidize

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37
Q

What effect does vine age have on the structure of Garnacha?

A

Older vines produce grapes with more color, tannins, and acid.

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38
Q

What is the traditional style of Garnacha-based varietal wines?

A

Still, dry red wine with high alcohol and full body

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39
Q

Garnacha Profile

Hot Climate

A

Red Fruit
(Strawberry,Cherry, Raspberry)

White Pepper

High Alcohol

Full Body

Soft Tannins

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40
Q

Garnacha Profile

Ripeness

A

Baked Red Fruit
(Strawberries, Cherries, Raspberries)

Dried Red Fruit

Jammy

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41
Q

Garnacha Profile

Age

A

Caramel

Toffee

Meat

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42
Q

Garnacha Profile

Rosé Wines

A

Strawberries

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43
Q

What is the range of style for Garnacha-based varietal wines?

A

Light bodied, fragrantly red fruited, low tannins

Full bodied, spicy, meaty with concentrated sweet, semi-dried fruit with modest tannins that are supplemented by new oak

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44
Q

What grapes are commonly blended with Garnacha?

A

Syrah, Mourvèdre, Cinsault, and other Rhône reds (Rhône Valley, France)

Tempranillo (Spain)

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45
Q

What are some positive characteristics of Garnacha?

A

Suitable for hot, dry, windy conditions

High quality potential

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46
Q

What are some negative characteristics of Garnacha?

A

Needs long, hot summers to ripen

Wines can lack color, tannin, and acid and oxidize easily

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47
Q

What is the main role of Garnacha?

A

As a blending partner in

Rioja, Spain (with Tempranillo)

Southern Rhône (with Syrah)

Languedoc (with Carignan and Mourvèdre)

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48
Q

What genetic relationships does Merlot have with other cultivars?

A

Cabernet Franc (Parent)

Cabernet Sauvignon (Half Sibling)

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49
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Merlot?

A

Early Budding

Mid Ripening

High Yields

Less vigorous but more productive than Cabernet Sauvignon

Sensitive to Downy Mildew, Salinity, and Grey Rot

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50
Q

What is the structure of Merlot?

A

Low-Medium Acid

Low-Medium Tannins

Medium-High Alcohol

Medium-Full Body

Affinity with new oak

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51
Q

Merlot Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Red Fruit
(Raspberry, Plum)

Herbaceous
(Cool Mint, Green Pepper)

Medium Acid

Medium Body

Medium-High Alcohol

Low-Medium Tannin

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52
Q

Merlot Profile

Hot Climate

A

Black Fruit
(Black Cherry, Blackberry, Plum)

Baked Fruit
(Fruit Cake)

Low-Medium Acid

Full Body

Soft, Ripe Tannins

High Alcohol

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53
Q

Merlot became popular in which part of the world? When? Why?

A

Merlot experienced a planting boom in California during the 1990s. Easily appreciable, seemingly sweet fruit coupled with soft (comparable to Cab Sauv) structure made the cultivar popular.

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54
Q

Merlot Profile

Oak

A

Toast

Coffee

Vanillin

Nuttiness

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55
Q

Merlot Profile

Over-ripeness

A

Jammy

Baked Fruit

Fruit Cake

Chocolate

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56
Q

Merlot Profile

Age

A

Tobacco/Cedar

Earth

Vegetal

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57
Q

What is the “International Style” of varietal Merlot wines?

A

Still, dry red wine

Deep Color

Full Body

High Alcohol

Baked/Jammy Fruit

Toasty Oak Influence

58
Q

How is Merlot commonly produced?

A

In blends

Less commonly found as a varietal

59
Q

Where does Merlot reach its highest quality?

A

Pomerol, Bordeaux

It is typically blended with Cabernet Franc and sometimes Cabernet Sauvignon

60
Q

Which Bordeaux producer makes a wine almost exclusively from Merlot?

A

Château Petrus

61
Q

What are some positive characteristics of Merlot?

A

Easy to understand and enjoy

Popular and fashionable

Easy to grow (high yielding, easy ripening)

Very high quality potential

Suited to damp soils

62
Q

What are some negative characteristics of Merlot?

A

Can be bland and lacking in structure

Early budding, thus prone to spring frosts

Prone to coulure

63
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Nebbiolo?

A

Early Budding

Late Ripening

Resistant to Grey Rot

Susceptible to Powdery Mildew

64
Q

What are the two most important Nebbiolo clones? Why are they used?

A

Nebbiolo Lampia produces reliably

Nebbiolo Michet is higher quality but affected by Grapevine Fanleaf Virus

65
Q

What is the structure of Nebbiolo?

A

High Acid

High Tannin

Medium-High Alcohol

Modest Color that fades quickly

Deceptively Full Body

66
Q

Nebbiolo Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Floral

Red Fruit

Savory

Tar

High Acid

High Tannin

Medium-High Alcohol

Full Body

67
Q

Where does Nebbiolo perform best? Why?

A

In Piemonte around the town of Alba where it has been cultivated since the 14th Century. The long, dry, warm growing season ensures the grapes will ripen.

Nebbiolo has been shown to create the finest wines on the calcareous soils in the South-West of the Barolo zone and the North-West in the Barbaresco zone.

68
Q

Nebbiolo Profile

Oak

A

Toast

Vanillin

69
Q

Nebbiolo Profile

Age

A

Disappearance of Fruit

Meaty/Savory

70
Q

What grapes are often blended with Nebbiolo?

A

Barbera

Bonarda

71
Q

What are some positive characteristics of Nebbiolo?

A

High quality potential

Ages well

72
Q

What are some negative characteristics of Nebbiolo?

A

Very difficult to grow and vinify successfully

Tannins can be very tough

73
Q

Pinot Noir Synonyms

A

Spätburgunder (Germany & Austria)

Pinot Nero (Italy)

Blauburgunder (Switzerland)

74
Q

Which two important cultivars are the most site specific?

A

Pinot Noir

Nebbiolo

75
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Pinot Noir?

A

Early Budding

Early Ripening

Susceptible to Spring Frosts, Coulure, Downy Mildew, Powdery Mildew, Leafroll, Fanleaf Virus, Grey Rot, and Heat Damage

76
Q

What is the structure of Pinot Noir?

A

Medium-High Acid

Low-Medium Tannins

Moderate Color

Accumulates sugar quickly and can tend towards high alcohol even in cooler climates

77
Q

Pinot Noir Profile

Cool Climate

A

Vegetal

Red Fruit
(Strawberry, Cherry, Raspberry)

Floral
(Violet, Rose)

High Acid

Low Tannins

78
Q

Pinot Noir Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Red Fruit
(Strawberry, Cherry, Raspberry, Plum)

Medium-High Acid

Low-Medium Tannins

79
Q

Pinot Noir Profile

Oak

A

Smoke

Toast

Savoriness

80
Q

Pinot Noir Profile

Under-ripe

A

Vegetal
(Tomato, Herbs)

Cabbage

White Pepper

81
Q

Pinot Noir Profile

Over-ripe

A

Jammy

82
Q

What grapes are Pinot Noir typically blended with? Where?

A

Gamay (Beaujolais, France)

Chadonnay and Meunier (Champagne, France and related styles)

83
Q

What are some positive characteristics of Pinot Noir?

A

High quality potential

Able to express terroir

Ripens in cool conditions

Takes up autolytic flavors well, ideal for sparkling wines

84
Q

How does Pinot Noir contribute to sparkling wines?

A

Provides body and length

Accepts autolytic flavors

85
Q

What are some negative characteristics of Pinot Noir?

A

Low yields

Prone to rot

Hard to grow and vinify well

Prone to spontaneous mutation

86
Q

Sangiovese Synonyms

A

Brunello (Montalcino, Toscana, Italy)

Morellino (Scansano, Toscana, Italy)

Prugnolo Gentile (Montepulciano, Toscana, Italy)

Niellucio (Corsica, France)

Sangioveto (Toscana, Italy)

87
Q

What genetic relationship does Sangiovese have with other cultivars?

A

Ciliegiolo (Parent)

Calabrese Montenuovo (Parent)

88
Q

Which important cultivars have produced a large number of clones?

A

Pinot Noir

Nebbiolo

Sangiovese

89
Q

Where is Sangiovese predominantly planted?

A

Throughout Central Italy

90
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Sangiovese?

A

Vigorous

Productive

Slow and Late Ripening

91
Q

What is the structure of Sangiovese?

A

High Acid

High Tannins

Medium Body

Medium Alcohol

Medium Color

Thin(ish) Skins

Susceptible to early oxidation

92
Q

Sangiovese Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Dried Herbs

Rose

Cherry
(Fresh, Sour, Dried)

Red Fruit
(Raspberry, Plum)

Medium-High Tannins (Fairly Astringent)

High Acid

Medium Body

93
Q

Sangiovese Profile

Hot Climate

A

Jammy

94
Q

Sangiovese Profile

New Oak

A

Toast

Vanillin

95
Q

Sangiovese Profile

Old Oak/Large Format

A

No oak flavor

96
Q

Sangiovese Profile

Age

A

Savory

Dusty

97
Q

What grapes are often blended with Sangiovese?

A

Canaiolo

Colorino

Mammolo

Ciliegiolo

Cabernet Sauvignon

Merlot

Syrah

98
Q

What are some positive attributes of Sangiovese?

A

Good quality potential

Traditional

99
Q

What are some negative attributes of Sangiovese?

A

Can lack fruit

Tends to have astringent tannins

100
Q

Syrah Synonyms

A

Shiraz (Australia)

101
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Syrah?

A

Vigorous

Productive

Late Budding

Mid Ripening

Small Berries that shrivel soon after ripeness

Sensitive to Chlorosis

Prone to Drought, Grey Rot, and Berry Moths

102
Q

What is the structure of Syrah?

A

High Acid

High Tannins

Medium-High Alcohol

Deep Color

103
Q

Syrah Profile

Cool Climate

A

Mint

Red Fruit
(Redcurrant, Raspberry)

Violet

Green Olive

White Pepper

104
Q

Syrah Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Red Fruit
(Redcurrant, Raspberry, Plum)

Black Fruit
(Blackberry, Plum)

Black Pepper

Herbs

Medium Acid

Low-Medium Tannins

Medium-High Alcohol

Medium Body

105
Q

Syrah Profile

Hot Climate

A

Black Fruit
(Blackberry, Plum)

Baked Fruit
(Plum, Fruitcake)

Low-Medium Acid

Soft, Ripe Tannins

High Alcohol

Full Body

106
Q

Syrah Profile

Oak

A

Toast

Coffee

Vanillin

Nuttiness

107
Q

Syrah Profile

Over-ripe

A

Jammy

Baked Fruit

Fruit Cake

Chocolate

108
Q

Syrah Profile

Age

A

Tobacco/Cedar

Fruit Cake

Game/Leather

Earth

Coffee

Vegetal

109
Q

What is the international style of Syrah wines?

A

Deep Color

High Alcohol

Full Body

Baked/Jammy Fruit

Often with Toasted Oak

110
Q

What are some notable locations that produce varietal Syrah wines?

A

Hermitage (Rhône Valley, France)

Cornas (Rhône Valley, France)

Barossa Valley (South Australia)

111
Q

Where are Syrah blends commonly found?

A

Southern Rhône (France)

Australia

112
Q

What grapes are commonly blended with Syrah in France?

A

Garnacha

Mourvèdre

Cinsault

Carignan

Viognier

113
Q

What grapes are commonly blended with Syrah in the new world?

A

Garnacha

Mourvèdre

114
Q

Where in the New World is Syrah popular?

A

California, USA

Washington, USA

Australia

Chile

South Africa

115
Q

Tempranillo Synonyms

A

Ull de Llebre (Catalunya, Spain)

Cencibel (Castilla-La Mancha & Extremadura, Spain)

Tinto del Pais (Ribero del Duero, Spain)

Tinto de Toro (Toro, Spain)

Tinto Fino (Castilla y Leon, Spain)

Aragoñez (Alentejo, Portugal)

Tinta Roriz (Douro, Portugal)

116
Q

Where is Tempranillo grown?

A

Throughout Spain and Portugal

It is Spain’s most widely planted black cultivar

117
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Tempranillo?

A

Vigorous

Mid Budding

Early Ripening

Thick Skins

Susceptible to Powdery Mildew and Downy Mildew

Sensitive to Wind

Resistant to Drought

118
Q

What is the structure of Tempranillo?

A

Medium-High Acid

Medium-High Tannins

Medium Alcohol

Deep Color

119
Q

Tempranillo Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Red Fruit
(Strawberry, Raspberry, Plum)

Medium-High Acid

Medium-High Tannins

Medium Alcohol

120
Q

Tempranillo Profile

Hot Climate

A

Deeper Color

Darker Fruit

Can be Jammy

Medium Acid

Medium Tannins

121
Q

Tempranillo Profile

Oak

A

Coconut

Vanillin

(Especially American Oak)

122
Q

Tempranillo Profile

Oak Aging

A

Meaty/Leathery

Spicy

Savory

123
Q

Tempranillo Profile

Malolactic Byproducts

A

Soap

Creaminess

124
Q

True or False

Tempranillo is often produced as a varietal wine

A

False

Tempranillo is usually blended

125
Q

What grapes are Tempranillo normally blended with?

A

Mazuelo/Carignan, Garnacha, and Graciano (Rioja, Spain)

Garnacha (widely)

Garnacha, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot (Navarra, Spain)

126
Q

Why are malolactic byproducts more noticeable in Tempranillo than in other cultivars?

A

In some areas, such as Rioja, Tempranillo ripens with high levels of malic acid. MLF creates byproducts of the fermentation in greater volume.

127
Q

What are some positive attributes of Tempranillo?

A

High Quality Potential

Well suited to extended oak aging

Can cope with hot conditions

128
Q

What are some negative attributes of Tempranillo?

A

“None”

According to Issue Six of the WSET Study Guide for Level 4 Diploma, Unit 2

129
Q

Zinfandel Synonyms

A

Crljenak Kaštelanski (Croatia)

Primitivo (Italy)

130
Q

Where is Zinfandel from?

A

Croatia and the Adriatic Coast

Its original name is Crljenak Kaštelanski, though due to its popularity as a California and Pugliese varietal, this name is largely unknown.

131
Q

What are the viticultural characteristics of Zinfandel?

A

High Yielding

Mid-Late Ripening

Very Susceptible to Grey Rot

132
Q

Due to Zinfandel’s yield and ripening time, what troubles might be faced during harvest?

A

Uniform ripeness of grapes

133
Q

What is the structure of Zinfandel?

A

Medium-High Acid

Medium-High Tannins

High Alcohol

High Extract

134
Q

Zinfandel Profile

Moderate Climate

A

Dark Plum

Peppery/Spicy

Herbaceous

Medium-High Acid

Medium-High Tannins

High Alcohol

Full Body

135
Q

Zinfandel Profile

Hot Climate

A

Blueberry

Dried Fruit
(Prune, Raisin)

Medium Acid

Medium-High Tannins

High Alcohol

Very Full Body

136
Q

Zinfandel Profile

Oak

A

Coconut

Vanilla

*Often American Oak)

137
Q

Zinfandel Profile

Ripeness

A

Dominant Dried Fruits

138
Q

Zinfandel Profile

Rosé/Blush Wines

A

Often Sweet

Low Acid

Strawberry

May be sparkling

139
Q

Zinfandel Profile

Late Harvest

A

Can be off-dry or sweet

140
Q

What are some positive attributes of Zinfandel?

A

Can be used to create multiple styles of wine, dry to sweet, rosé and red, still and sparkling

141
Q

What are some negative attributes of Zinfandel?

A

Ripens unevenly, leaving shriveled and unripe grapes on the same bunch

Tends toward excessive alcohol

142
Q

Is Zinfandel ever used in blends?

A

In Italy it may be blended with other Southern Italian cultivars.

Can also be fermented as a field blend with Petite Sirah and Carignan.

WSET Diploma Unit 2 (OUT OF DATE) (18 decks)

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