Commodities, Immigration & The Mexican Revolution Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is the dichotomy presented by Domingo Sarmiento (former president of Argentina)
Sarmiento’s dichotomy contrasts ‘civilisation’ with ‘barbarie’, reflecting European superiority and indigenous extermination.
What was the impact of liberal land reforms?
Liberal land reforms aimed to replace communal systems with private property, leading to contradictory results influenced by the notions of private property.
What characterised the economic dependence of Latin America from 1830-1850?
Latin America became increasingly dependent on exports, with economic liberalism driving the search for markets and reliance on foreign investment and technology.
What was the significance of bananas in the global commodity market from 1880-1930?
Bananas became a key commodity, transforming infrastructure in Latin America to support an export economy.
What was the 1823 Monroe Doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine asserted U.S. control over the Western Hemisphere and claimed legitimacy to intervene in Latin American affairs.
What was the Big Stick Policy?
The Big Stick Policy was rooted in Manifest Destiny, promoting U.S. intervention in Latin America under the guise of mutual interests.
What was the outcome of the Spanish-American War in 1898?
The Spanish-American War resulted in the U.S. annexing territories like Hawaii and the Philippines, and establishing protectorates over Cuba and Puerto Rico.
What was the significance of the Panama Canal?
The Panama Canal was a strategic project that involved U.S. intervention, leading to the establishment of perpetual U.S. control over the Canal Zone.
Dates
1889 US Construction
1902 US backs Panama independence
1903 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
1914 Canal opens
1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties - gradual handover to Panama
1999 Panama full control
Who was José Martí?
José Martí was a Cuban intellectual who warned against the dangers of imperialism and called for unity among Latin American nations.
What demographic changes occurred in Latin America due to immigration?
Latin America experienced significant demographic transitions, with European migration in the Southern Cone and a mix of African, Asian, and indigenous populations.
What was the impact of urban migration in Latin America?
Urban migration led to a rural exodus, increased urban jobs, and the emergence of new urban cultures, such as tango and football.
What contradictions arose from liberalism in Latin America?
Contradictions included urbanization versus a rural majority, technological advancement versus dependency on exports, and ideals of stability versus oligarchic/clientialist rule.
What characterized the Porfiriato in Mexico?
The Porfiriato was marked by President Porfirio Díaz’s modernization policies, corruption, and growing U.S. influence, leading to widespread discontent.
What was the significance of the 1917 Constitution in Mexico?
The 1917 Constitution included progressive reforms such as land reform, secularisation of education, and labor rights, mobilising landless peasants.
What were the aftermath effects of the Mexican Revolution?
The aftermath included significant reforms under President Lázaro Cárdenas, led to the Constitution of 1917, which introduced land reform (Article 27), labor rights (Article 123), and state control over natural resources. It also weakened the old oligarchic order, though violence and instability continued for years after.
What does the banana symbolize in Latin America?
Class, Power, race and gender dynamics
What was a common defense of U.S. companies dominating the banana trade in Latin America?
They created tens of thousands of jobs and constructed transportation infrastructure
Defenders viewed these companies as pillars of modernity and prosperity.
What were some criticisms of U.S. companies in the banana trade?
-Land and transportation monopolies
-Repression of labor movements
-Tax subsidies
Critics argued that profits resulted from the exploitation of Latin American people.
Fill in the blank: The banana plant is both a _______ and a cultural artifact.
biological organism
What did modernization theorists believe about foreign capital in Latin America?
It was necessary to help Latin Americans shed their ‘traditional’ livelihoods
This perspective viewed the infusion of capital and technology as progress.
What did dependency school critics claim about foreign capital?
It was ‘underdeveloping’ Latin America.
Who were the leaders of the Mexican revolution and what did they represent?
Francisco Madero: Called for democratic reforms and free elections.
Emiliano Zapata: Represented rural peasants; demanded land reform (Plan de Ayala).
Pancho Villa: Northern leader advocating for agrarian rights and labor reforms.
Venustiano Carranza and Álvaro Obregón: Constitutionalists who eventually defeated the others and helped draft the 1917 Constitution.
