Common Causes Flashcards

Question

Acute Kidney Injury

Answer 1

``` Pre-Renal (decreased bloodflow) - Haemorrhage - Vomiting - Diarrhoea - Severe Burns - Distributive Shock - Congestive Heart Failure Renal - Glomerulonephritis - Nephrotoxins - Acute Tubular Necrosis - Rhabdomyelitis - Haemolysis - Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Post-Renal - Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis) - Prostatic Obstruction - Trauma to the Ureters ```

Answer 2

Hypertension | Diabetes

Answer 3

``` DVT Trauma Cellulitis Thrombophlebitis Compartment Syndrome Ruptured Baker's Cyst ```

Answer 4

Cancer Chronic Infection Malabsorption

Answer 5

``` Obesity (Fat) Obstruction (Flatus + Faeces) Pseudo-Obstruction (Flatus) Ascites (Fluid) Distended Bladder (Fluid) Pregnant Bloating (functional) IBS (functional) ```

Answer 6

Appendicitis Gall Stone Disease Pancreatitis Peptic Ulcer Disease

Answer 7

``` Bursitis Tendinopathies Septic Arthritis Trauma (haemarthrosis) Crystal Arthropathy (Gout, Pseudo-Gout) Reactive Arthritis Seronegative Spondyloarthritides Bone Cancer ```

Answer 8

``` Mechanical Back Pain Disc Herniation Lumbar Spine Stenosis Vertebral Trauma / Fracture Spondyloarthritides (inflammatory) Spinal Tumour Spinal Infection Spondylolisthesis Cauda Equina ```

Answer 9

``` Peptic Ulcer Disease Gastritis (H.Pylori) Duodenitis Malignancy Mallory-Weiss Tear Oesophageal Varices ```

Answer 10

``` Diverticular Disease Colorectal Cancer Haemorrhoids Perianal Disease IBD ```

Answer 11

``` Fibroadenoma Fibrocystic Change Breast Cancer Breast Abscess Fat Necrosis ```

Answer 12

``` IBS Crohn's Ulcerative Colitis Bowel Cancer Malabsorption ```

Answer 13

``` Gastritis (H.Pylori, Food Poisoning E.Coli etc) Excessive Alcohol Malabsorption Stomach Cancer Bowel Obstruction ```

Answer 14

``` Biliary Colic Peptic Ulcer Disease Chronic Pancreatitis Constipation Crohn's Ulcerative Colitis Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Non-Ulcer Dyspepsia IBS ```

Answer 15

``` Vestibular Neuronitis Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Meniere's Disease Acoustic Neuroma Drug Ototoxicity Brainstem Disorder ```

Answer 16

``` Vasovagal Attack Orthostatic Hypotensions Bradyarrhythmia Tachyarrhythmia Hypoglycaemia Partial Seizure Migraine Variants Hyperventilation Anxiety ```

Answer 17

``` GORD Oesophageal Web Malignant Stricture Extrinsic Compression Scleroderma (motility) Achalasia (motility) Myasthenia Gravis Bulbar Palsy ```

Answer 18

Lower UTI Cystitis Urethritis

Answer 19

``` Infection Renal Cancer Bladder Cancer Renal Stones Ureteric Stones Goodpasture's Syndrome (anti-GBM) Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Trauma to kidney or urethra Catheterisation (iatrogenic) BPH Prostate Cancer ```

Answer 20

Otitis Media Otitis Externa Mastoiditis

Answer 21

``` Tonsilitis Dental Abscess (auriculo-temporal branch CNV) Temporomandibular arthritis Herpes / Ramsey Hunt syndrome (CNVII) Carcinoma base of tongue (CNIX) ```

Answer 22

Femoral Hernia Inguinal Hernia Lymphadenopathy

Answer 23

``` Inguinal Hernia Hydrocoele Varicocoele Testicular Tumour Epididymal Cyst ```

Answer 24

Testicular Torsion Epidymo-orchitis Strangulated Hernia

Answer 25

``` Cerumen Foreign Body Infection Otosclerosis Congenital ```

Answer 26

Congenital Viral infection Ototoxic drugs

Answer 27

``` Acute Laryngitis Acid Reflux Allergies Smoking Vocal Overuse Thyroid Problems Benign Vocal cord cyst or polyp Recurrent Laryngeal nerve injury ```

Answer 28

``` Pre-Hepatic (Haemolytic) - Thalassemia - Sickle Cell - Drugs and Toxins Hepatocellular - Viral Hepatitis - Toxic Hepatitis - Cirrhosis Post-Hepatic (Obstructive) - Gallstones - Tumours of bile duct - Pancreatitis - Porta Hepatis Lymphadenopathy ```

Answer 29

Peripheral arterial disease

Answer 30

``` Soft Tissue Injury Bony Injury Nerve Injury Vascular Injury Tendon Injury Nerve Compression ```

Answer 31

``` Cervical Lymphadenopathy Goitre Salivary Gland Disease Branchial Cyst Cystic Hygroma Thyroglossal cyst Epidermal Cyst ```

Answer 32

Lymphoma Leukaemia Collagen Vascular Disorders Systemic Infection

Answer 33

``` Nasal Trauma Rupture of mucosa to Kiesselbach's plexus Allergic/Non-allergic Rhinitis Sinusitis Nasal Polyps Deviated Septum ```

Answer 34

Nasal Trauma Sinusitis Nasal Polyps Deviated Septum

Answer 35

``` Acute Conjunctivitis Acute Iritis Corneal Abrasion Acute Closed Angle Glaucoma Trauma Reactive Uveitis (Ank Spo) ```

Answer 36

NACHO ``` Neurogenic Anaphylactic (distributive) Cardiogenic - MI - Arrhythmia Hypovolaemic - Haemorrhage - Fluid Loss Obstructive - Tension Pneumothorax - Cardiac Tamponade ```

Answer 37

``` Adhesive Capsulitis Medial Epicondylitis Lateral Epicondylitis Glenoid Labrum Tear Dislocation Biceps Tendon Rupture Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Erb's / Klumpke's ```

Answer 38

``` BPH Urethral Stricture Medication - Anticholinergics - TCAs - CCBs Parkinson's Disease MS Alzheimer's Women - Cystocoele Pregnancy Fibroid Ovarian Cyst ```

Answer 39

``` Retinal Detachment Optic Neuritis (MS) Retinal Haemorrhage Central Retina Vascular Occlusion (MI of eye) Acute Narrow Angle Glaucoma. ```

Answer 40

``` Ectopic Pregnancy Appendicitis Caecal Volvulus/Obstruction Inguinal Hernia (strangulated) Constipation Pelvic Inflammatory disease Ovarian Torsion Mittelschmerz Ruptured ovarian cyst Mesenteric Adenitis (paeds) Crohn's Disease (ileocaecal junction) Renal Colic ```

Answer 41

``` Renal Colic Ulcerative Colitis Crohn's Renal Colic Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy Strangulated Hernia Diverticulitis Mittelschmerz Ruptured Ovarian Cyst Ovarian Torsion ```

Answer 42

``` Acute Urinary Retention UTI Ruptured Ectopic Ruptured Ovarian Cyst Acute Cystitis ```

Answer 43

``` Early Appendicitis Mesenteric Thrombosis Pancreatitis Aortic Aneurysm Intestinal Obstruction ```

Answer 44

``` Right sided Pneumonia Hepatitis Congestive Hepatomegaly Pyelonephritis Gallstone Disease Duodenal Ulcer Appendicitis ```

Answer 45

``` Left sided Pneumonia Gastric Ulcer Ruptured Spleen Pyelonephritis Perforated Colon ```

Answer 46

``` Peptic Ulcer Gallstone Disease Myocardial Infarction Perforated Oesophagus Pancreatitis ```

Answer 47

``` INFECTIVE - Glandular Fever - Hepatitis - Liver Abscess - Malaria - Leptospirosis NEOPLASTIC - Metastatic Tumours - Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Myeloma - Leukaemia - Lymphoma BILIARY - Primary biliary cirrhosis - Primary sclerosing cholangitis METABOLIC - Haemochromatosis - Porphyria - Wilson's Disease - Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver DRUGS - Alcohol Use Disorder - Drug-induced CONGENITAL - Haemolytic Anaemia - Polycystic Liver Disease OTHER (AI) - Sarcoidosis ```

Answer 48

- Carcinoma Underlying Structure - Abscess - Pregnancy - Uterine Fibroids - IBD - Diverticular Disease - Herniation - AAA - Haematoma

Answer 49

Primary Constipation - Myopathy or Neuropathy of colonic smooth muscle - Behavioural disorder - IBS Secondary - Metabolic - Hypercalcaemia - Hypokalaemia - Hypomagnesemia - Hypothyroidism - Medication - Opiates - CCB - Antipsychotics - Neurological - Parkinson's Disease - Spinal Cord Lesions - Diabetic Neuropathy - Primary Disease of Colon - Stricture - Cancer - Anal Fissure - Proctitis

Answer 50

Portal Hypertension - Cirrhosis (1) - Congestive Heart Failure - Constrictive Pericarditis - Alcoholic Liver Disease - Fulminant Hepatitis - Subacute Hepatitis - Massive Liver Metastasis - Budd-Chiari Syndrome Hypoalbuminaemia - Nephrotic Syndrome - Protein-losing eneteropathy Peritoneal Disease - Infectious Peritonitis - Malignancy (3)

Answer 51

Drugs - Narcotics - Anticholinergics - Alcohol and Recreational - TCA overdose - Stimulant Overdose - Opiate Overdose - Corticosteroid Overdose - Analgesic Overdose - Cardiac Glycoside Overdose - Anti-PD drug overdose Primary Neuro Injury - Stroke - Intracranial Bleed - Meningitis Acute Illness - Infection (UTI, Pneumonia, sepsis) - Cardiac (MI) - Hypoxia - Shock - Dehydration - Fever - Constipation Metabolic Abnormality Surgery Environmental - Physical Restraint - Catheters and invasive monitoring - ICU stay Pain Prolonged Sleep Deprivation Drug Withdrawal - BDZ - Alcohol

Answer 52

Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge Eating Disorder Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Answer 53

Biopsychosocial Factors