Common childhood infections:

Question 1

What is the causative organism for measles? How is it transmitted?

Answer 1

Paramyxovirus. Airborne

Question 2

Outline the prodrome and what appears on the 3rd/4th day? (measles)

Answer 2

Prodrome:
- Cough
- Coryzal symptoms
- Conjunctivitis
3rd/4th day:
- Koplik spots inside cheek
- Maculopapular rash

Question 3

What characterises mumps?

Answer 3

Fever for 4 days.

Parotid swelling

Question 4

From when is mumps infectious from? and for how long?

Answer 4

From parotid swelling for 7 days

Question 5

What characterises Rubella?

Answer 5

• Low grade fever
• Pink rash all over
• Lymphadenopathy

Question 6

What is the incubation period for mumps?

Answer 6

2-3 weeks

Question 7

What is the incubation period for chickenpox?

Answer 7

2-3 weeks

Question 8

What characterises chickenpox?

Answer 8

Fever + wide spread rash. Papules rapidly become vesicles and then from pustules an crusts

Question 9

When is chickenpox infectious from?

Answer 9

7 days after start of rash

Question 10

What two disease are similar in their incubation period and their infectious period?

Answer 10

Mumps and chickenpox

Question 11

What causes slapped cheek disease?

Answer 11

Parvovirus B19

Question 12

What characterises Slapped cheek?

Answer 12

Low grade fever for a few days prior to developing bright red cheeks - may spread to trunk. May last for several weeks.

Question 13

What can complication can be caused in Slapped Cheek?

Answer 13

Virus can affect erythroblasts in bone marrow. This can cause aplastic (temporary cessation of production of RBC) crisis in sickle cell disease

Question 14

What does the DTaP, IPV, Hib, HepB, MenB, Rotavirus and PCV vaccines protect against?

Answer 14

DTaP - Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough)

IPV - Polio

Hib - Haemophilus Influenzae type b

HepB - hepatitis B

MenB - Meningococcal group B

Rotavirus - Rotavirus gastroenteritis

PCV - Pneumococcal (13 serotypes)

Question 15

Which vaccines are given at what age?

Answer 15

2 months:

• DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
• Rotavirus
• MenB
• PCV

3 months:

• DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
• Rotavirus

4 months:

• DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
• MenB
• PCV

1 year old:

• Hib/MenC
• PCV booster
• MenB booster
• MMR

3 years 4 months:

• DTaP/IPV
• MMR

Girls aged 12-13:
- HPV (two doses 6-24 months apart)

14 years old:

• Td/IPV (check MMR status)
• MenACWY

Question 16

Which vaccinations are live vaccinations?

Answer 16

• BCG
• MMR
• Oral polio?

Question 17

When is the BCG vaccine given?

Answer 17

It isn’t routinely given. It is only given to those who are at greater risk of acquiring the infection

Question 18

What is ‘hand, foot and mouth’ caused by?

Answer 18

Coxaci virus

Question 19

What are the features of Hand Foot and Mouth?

Answer 19

Mild systemic upset

Last thing to appear is vesicles in mouth and feet

Question 20

List 3 clinical features of Turners syndrome:

Answer 20

(affects girls)

1. Short stature
2. Non-functioning ovaries (infertility)
3. Abnormal appearance

(short stature and infertility are nearly ALWAYS present)

Question 21

What is the chromosomal abnormality in Turners syndrome?

Answer 21

Complete or partial absence of one of the X chromosomes.

Question 22

What should all girls with delayed puberty and short stature have checked?

Answer 22

Their Karyotype

Question 23

List 5 phenotypic features of Turners syndrome:

Answer 23

• Short stature
• Low hairline
• Neck webbing
• Broad chest (widely spaced nipples)
• Increased carrying angle (cubitus valgus) (like carrying a wide TV)

Or
CLOWNS
C - coarctation of aorta
L - lymphoedema
O - Ovaries under developed/infertility
W - Webbed neck
N - wide spaced Nipples
S - Short stature

Question 24

List 4 associated features on Turners:

Answer 24

• Cardiac defects (coarctation of aorta)
• Renal anomalies
• Autoimmune thyroiditis
• Diabetes
• Middle ear disease
• Learning difficulties
• HTN

Question 25

Outline the management in those with Turners:

Answer 25

• Growth hormone (to optimise height)
• Sex hormone replacement (Oestrogen to induce secondary sexual characteristics, Progesterone to induce menstruation)
• Monitor BP, thyroid, glucose, hearing
• IVF fertility
• Family support and multidisciplinary