Common CV conditions Flashcards by Faith Taws

Risk factors for Congenital CV conditions

-down syndrome
-mother having infections during pregnancy
-mother taking certain meds during pregnancy
-mother smoking or drinking during pregnancy
-mother having poorly controlled type 1/2 diabetes
-other chromosome defects

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What is an ASD?

-hole between upper chambers
-oxygenated blood from systemic circ enters pulmonary circ
-usually acyanotic
-large/long term ASD’s can damage the heart and lungs and may require surgery

-similar to PFO (patent foramen ovale) - hole in the heart

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What are the subtypes of ASD?

-secundum
-prinum
-sinus vensous
-coronary sinus

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Describe a secundum ASD

-most common type
-occurs in the middle of the atrial septum

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Describe a primum ASD

affects the lower part of the wall between upper chambers

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Describe a sinus venosus ASD

-rare
-deficency in the myocardial wall seperating the right pulmonary veins from the SVC

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Describe coronary sinus

-rare
-deficency in myocardial wall seperating the coronary sinus and LA

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What is a VSD?

-hole between lower chambers
-oxygenated blood from systemic circ enter pulmonary circ
-large/long term can damage the heart and lungs and may need surgery

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What are the subtypes of VSD?

-conoventricular VSD
-Perimembranous VSD
-inlet VSD
-Muscular VSD

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Describe a conoventricular VSD

hole occurs where portions of the ventriclar septum should meet just below the aortic and pulmonary valves

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Describe a perimembranous VSD

hole in upper section of the ventricular septum

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Describe an inlet VSD

hole in the septum near where blood enters the ventricles via the tricuspid and mitral valves

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Describe a muscular VSD

hole in the lower muscular part of the ventricular spetum, most common type

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What is a PDA?

-patent ducctus arteriosus
-hole between the aorta and PA
-oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation enters the pulmonary circulation

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What is congenital valve stenosis- aortic valve stenosis?

-narrowed Aortic valve
-reduced blood flow out of the heart
-LVH
-HF

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What is congenital valve stenosis- pulmonic valve stenosis?

-narrowed pulmoanry valve
-redudced blood flow out of the heart
-RVH

Describe dialated cardiomyopathy

-LV is dilated
-reduced pumping efficency
-may lead to valve problems, tachycardia, arrythmias, lung congestion, HF

Name some inflammatory conditions

-endocarditis
-myocarditis
-pericarditis

Risk factors for inflammatory conditions

-viral, bacterial, fungal conditions
-cancer
-autoimmune disease

What is endocarditis?

-rare
-infection of the inner lining of the heart
-usually a bacterial infection
-more common in congenital heart disease or valve conditions, adults than children, men than women

What is myocarditis?

-necrosis and inflammation of myocardium
-linked to viral,bacteria,fungal, parasitic,drug reactions or general inflam conditions
-decreased myocardial function
-heart enlargement
-chest pain,dyspnoea,arrythmias,blood clots,stroke,MI

What is pericarditis?

-pericardial inflammation
-haemodynamic compromise as pressure builds around the heart
-severe limitation to venous return and cardiac output
-cardiac tamponade
-cerebral hypoperfusion-syncope
-cardiac arrest

name the two type of atherosclerotic lesions

1-stable plaque-obstructs blood flow, associated with chronic IHD
2-unstable plaque-can rupture causig platelet adhesion and thrombus formation, associated with acute coronary syndromes

Name some acute coronary syndromes

-unstable angina
-non ST segment elevation MI- Non-STEMI
-ST segment elevation MI - STEMI

Describe unstable angina

-symptoms prolonged >20 mins at rest -No serum markers for myocardial damage

Describe NON-ST segment elevation MI

-symptoms prolonged> 20 mins at rest -serum markers for myocardial damage present- indicating severe ischemia and damage to myocardial tissue

Describe ST segment elevation MI

Acute MI (heart attack) characterised by ischaemic death of myocardial tissue. – Serum markers detectable – Area of infarct = vessel affected: * 30-40 % Right Coronary Artery * 40-50 % Left Anterior Descending Artery * 15-20 % Left Circumflex Artery – Sudden death from Acute MI → death occurs within 1h symptom onset – Usually attributed to fatal dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation) – Early hospitalisation greatly improves chances of survival

What are the 3 classifications of chronic IHD?

-chronic stable angina- associated with a fixed atheroslerotic obstruction and pain that is precipitated by increased work demands on the heart that is relived at rest -variant angina-results from spasms of the coronary arteries or other dysfunctions -silent myocardial ischemia

What is PAD

-obstruction of the large arteries that supply the bodys periphery -atherosclerotic blockages of lower extremities

Risk factors of PAD

-age- men 60+ -smoking -diabete mellitus

Signs and symptoms of PAD

-pain when walking -atrophic changes - thinning skin and subcutaneous fat -cool foot -popliteal pulse weak or absent -blanched limb color when elevated -long term damage-ischaemic pain at rest, ulceration and gangrene develop

Describe the neural control of circ function

-ANS divisions : -symp and PSN Three distinct pools of neurons -vasometer control centre -cardioinhibitory centre Autonomic regulation of cardiac function: -symp fibres -vagus nerve

Describe the autonomic control of cardiac function

-symp nerve fibres- originate in recticular formation of brain stem and innervate the SA and AV nodes and myocardium -Vagus nerve-originates in the vagal nucleus of the medulla

Describe the autonomic regulation of vascular function

-Symp nerve fibres-supply the blood vessels and keep them in a state of tonic activity-partially constricted at rest -vessels constriction and relaxation are contolled by altering this basal input

describe autonomic neurotransmitters

-symp neurons-noraepinephrine -PSN-ACH

Describe ANS dysfunction

-endothelial cells help control blood flow to all vessels via the release of vasodilators and constricting factors- work in conjunction with ANS functions

How is the ANS hemodynamic function tested?

-orthostatic challenge, assessment of central and peripheral blood pressures can provide a valid and reliable clinical indication of CV health and predict future CV complications