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IGCSE Biology - The Nature And Variety Of Living Organisms > Common Features: Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic Organisms > Flashcards

Common Features: Eukaryotic + Prokaryotic Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five kingdoms of living organisms?

A

Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protoctists
Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Which kingdoms can be classified as eukaryotic organisms?

A

Animals, plants, fungi and protoctists

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3
Q

Describe the cell inside of a eukaryotic organism and/or if they are multicellular or single-celled

A

Eukaryotic organisms can be multicellular or single-celled and are made up of cells that contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane.

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4
Q

What is a eukaryotic organism?

A

A eukaryotic organism is an organism that has cells that contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane.

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5
Q

What is a prokaryotic organism?

A

Prokaryotic organisms are organisms that are always single-celled and their cells do not contain a nucleus (instead, the nuclear material of prokaryotic cells is found in the cytoplasm).

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6
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic organism

A

Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms

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7
Q

Describe the size of prokaryotic cells in comparison to eukaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotic cells are substantially smaller than eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

What are the 8 main features of animals?

A

They are multicellular
Their cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane
Their cells do not have cellulose cell walls
Their cells do not contain chloroplasts (so they are unable to carry out photosynthesis)
They feed on organic substances made by other living things
They often store carbohydrates as glycogen
They usually have nervous coordination
They are able to move from place to place

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It contains the genetic material (DNA) which controls the activities of the cell.

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm and what are it’s functions?

A

A GEL-LIKE SUBSTANCE COMPOSED OF WATER AND DISSOLVED SOLUTES
• SUPPORTS INTERNAL CELL
STRUCTURES
• SITE OF MANY CHEMICAL REACTIONS, INCLUDING ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

HOLDS THE CELL TOGETHER, SEPARATING THE INSIDE OF THE CELL FROM THE OUTSIDE
• CONTROLS WHICH SUBSTANCE CAN
ENTER AND LEAVE THE CELL

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12
Q

Where are the ribosomes found and what is their function?

A

FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM
• SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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13
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

SITE OF MOST OF THE REACTIONS INVOLVED IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION, WHERE ENERGY IS RELEASED TO FUEL CELLULAR PROCESSES.

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14
Q

What are the 7 main features of plants?

A

They are multicellular
Their cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane
Their cells have cell walls made out of cellulose
Their cells contain chloroplasts (so they can carry out photosynthesis)
They feed by photosynthesis
They store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
They do not have nervous coordination

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15
Q

Describe the cell wall and its function

A

MADE OF CELLULOSE (A POLYMER
OF GLUCOSE)
• GIVES THE CELL EXTRA SUPPORT, DEFINING ITS SHAPE
IS NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS BUT IS FOUND IN PROTOCTISTS, FUNGI AND PLANT CELLS

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16
Q

Describe the chloroplasts and their function

A
  • CONTAINS GREEN CHLOROPHYLL
    PIGMENTS (TO ABSORB LIGHT
    ENERGY) AND THE ENZYMES NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
  • ARE NOT FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS BUT ARE FOUND IN PLANT AND SOME PROTOCTIST CELLS
17
Q

Describe a permanent vacuole and it’s functions

A

CONTAINS CELL SAP; A SOLUTION OF SUGARS AND SALTS DISSOLVED IN WATER
• USED FOR STORAGE OF CERTAIN
MATERIALS
• ALSO HELPS SUPPORT THE SHAPE OF THE CELL
- IS FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

18
Q

What are the 9 main features of fungi?

A

They are usually multicellular but some are single-celled (e.g. yeast)
Multicellular fungi are mainly made up of thread-like structures known as hyphae that contain many nuclei and are organised into a network known as a mycelium
Their cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane
Their cells have cell walls made of chitin (chitinous cell walls)
Their cells do not contain chloroplasts (so they cannot carry out photosynthesis)
They feed by secreting extracellular digestive enzymes (outside the mycelium) onto the food (usually decaying organic matter) and then absorbing the digested molecules. This method of feeding is known as saprotrophic nutrition
Some fungi are parasitic and feed on living material
Some fungi store carbohydrates as glycogen
They do not have nervous coordination

19
Q

Give 3 examples of fungi

A

Examples of fungi include: moulds, mushrooms, yeasts

20
Q

What are the 7 main features of protoctists?

A

The protoctists are a very diverse kingdom of organisms that don’t really belong in any of the other eukaryotic kingdoms (animals, plants and fungi)
They are mainly microscopic and single-celled but some aggregate (group together) into larger forms, such as colonies or chains of cells that form filaments
Their cells contain a nucleus with a distinct membrane
Some have features making them more like animal cells e.g. Plasmodium (the protoctist that causes malaria)
Some have features, such as cell walls and chloroplasts, making them more like plant cells e.g. green algae, such as Chlorella
This means some protoctists photosynthesise and some feed on organic substances made by other living things
They do not have nervous coordination

21
Q

Give 4 examples of protoctists

A

Examples of protoctists include: amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium, Chlorella

22
Q

What are the four following characteristics of bacteria?

A

They are microscopic single-celled organisms
They have a cell wall (not made of cellulose - made from peptidoglycan), cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids
They lack a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA
They lack mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells

23
Q

Give 2 examples of bacteria and describe them

A

Lactobacillus (a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk)
Pneumococcus (a spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia)

24
Q

Describe the ways in which bacteria feed

A

Some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis despite having no chloroplasts. This is because they still possess chlorophyl and enzymes necessary to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide.
Most feed on other living or dead organisms (if they feed on dead organic matter then they are known as saprobionts or decomposers)

25
Q

What do we call organisms that consume dead organic matter?

A

Saprobionts or decomposers

26
Q

Do eukaryotes have a cell membrane?

A

Yes

27
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cell membrane?

A

Yes

28
Q

Do eukaryotes have a cytoplasm?

A

Yes

29
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cytoplasm?

A

Yes

30
Q

Do eukaryotes have genetic material and where is it?

A

Yes - in a nucleus

31
Q

Do prokaryotes have genetic material and where is it?

A

Yes - in the cytoplasm

32
Q

Do eukaryotes have a nucleus?

A

Yes

33
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

No

34
Q

Do eukaryotes have a cell wall?

A

Some types

35
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus and if yes what is it made out of?

A

Yes - made from peptidoglycan

IGCSE Biology - The Nature And Variety Of Living Organisms (3 decks)

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