Common Illnesses in the Pediatric Ward

Question 1

Dengue can range from

Answer 1

asymptomatic infection or mild illness to severe disease.

Question 2

An estimated 1 in 4 dengue virus infections are _____________________.

Answer 2

symptomatic

Question 3

most commonly presents as a mild to moderate, nonspecific, acute febrile illness

Answer 3

Symptomatic dengue virus infection

Question 4

Symptomatic dengue virus infection most commonly presents as a

Answer 4

mild to moderate, nonspecific, acute febrile illness

Question 5

Infection with one of the four dengue viruses will induce _________________________ for that specific virus.

Answer 5

long-lived immunity

Question 6

Approximately 1 in 20 patients with dengue virus disease progress to develop severe, life-threatening disease called

Answer 6

severe dengue.

Question 7

Approximately ___________ patients with dengue virus disease progress to develop severe, life-threatening disease called severe dengue.

Answer 7

1 in 20

Question 8

The ________________________ is a risk factor for severe dengue.

Answer 8

second infection with DENV

Question 9

DENGUE
Clinical findings include:

Answer 9

• nausea
• vomiting
• rash
• aches and pains
• a positive tourniquet test (>20 rashes in 1cm2 of skin)
• leukopenia (low wbc count)

Question 10

what signifies a positive tourniquet test

Answer 10

> 20 rashes in 1cm2 of skin

Question 11

what is leukopenia

Answer 11

low wbc count

Question 12

Dengue Warning Signs

Answer 12

• abdominal pain or tenderness
• persistent vomiting
• edema
• mucosal bleeding
• lethargy, restlessness
• liver enlargement

Question 13

SEVERE DENGUE
defined by dengue with any of the following symptoms:

Answer 13

• severe plasma leakage leading to shock or;
• fluid accumulation with respiratory distress;
• severe bleeding; or
• severe organ impairment such as elevated transaminases
  ≥1,000 IU/L,
• impaired consciousness, or heart impairment.

Question 14

Stages of Dengue

Answer 14

Febrile Phase
Critical Phase
Convalescent Phase

Question 15

In Febrile Phase, fever typically lasts ______________ and can be ___________

Answer 15

2–7 days; biphasic

Question 16

In the Febrile Phase, Warning signs of progression to severe dengue occur in the _________________________________________________

Answer 16

late febrile phase around the time of defervescence

Question 17

Warning signs of progression to severe dengue occur in the late febrile phase around the time of defervescence, and include

Answer 17

persistent vomiting, severe abdominal pain, fluid accumulation, mucosal bleeding, difficulty breathing, lethargy/restlessness, postural hypotension, liver enlargement, and progressive increase in hematocrit (i.e., hemoconcentration)

Question 18

The critical phase of dengue begins at ________________ and typically lasts ___________________.

Answer 18

defervescence; 24–48 hours

Question 19

Most patients clinically ____________ during this (critical) phase, but those with ______________________ can, within a few hours, develop _______________ as a result of a ___________________________________________

Answer 19

improve; substantial plasma leakage; severe dengue; marked increase in vascular permeability.

Question 20

As plasma leakage subsides, the patient enters the ____________________ and begins to __________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer 20

convalescent phase; reabsorb extravasated intravenous fluids and pleural and abdominal effusions.

Question 21

is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines

Answer 21

Gastroenteritis

Question 22

Gastroenteritis mostly caused by

Answer 22

viral or bacterial infections, but also protozoa e.g. giardia.

Question 23

diarrheal disease of rapid onset, with or without accompanying symptoms, signs, such as nausea, vomiting, fever, or abdominal pain

Answer 23

cute Gastroenteritis (AGE)

Question 24

Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE): diarrheal disease of rapid onset, with or without accompanying symptoms, signs, such as

Answer 24

nausea, vomiting, fever, or abdominal pain

Question 25

the frequent passage of unformed liquid stools

Answer 25

Diarrhea

Question 26

how frequent is the passage of stool in Diarrhea

Answer 26

3 or more loose, watery stool per day)

Question 27

An increase in the fluidity, volume and frequency of stools

Answer 27

Diarrhea

Question 28

blood or mucus in stools

Answer 28

Dysentery

Question 29

Types of diarrhea

Answer 29

1-Acute diarrhea 2-Chronic diarrhea 3- Intractable diarrhea of infancy

Question 30

duration of 1-Acute diarrhea

Answer 30

less than 2 weeks 14 days

Question 31

Diarrhea lasting longer than two weeks but resolving within a month is known as

Answer 31

persistent diarrhea

Question 32

Chronic diarrhea can be the result of

Answer 32

disease processes, medication, genetic abnormalities, or a variety of other causes.

Question 33

Chronic diarrhea is usually caused by

Answer 33

malabsorption syndrome immune deficiency, infammation of bowl, food allergy lactose intolerance , inadequate management of acute diarrhea

Question 34

it is a syndrome occur in infancy occur in the first few months of life, persistent longer than two weeks with no pathogens and is refractory to treatment

Answer 34

3- Intractable diarrhea of infancy

Question 35

is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis

Answer 35

Rotavirus

Question 36

Rotavirus is highly contagious most common in children from

Answer 36

3 months - 2 yrs

Question 37

Presentaion of Viral Gastroenteritis

Answer 37

- Mild or moderate fever - Vomiting followed by watery diarrhea (up to 10-20 bowel movements per day) - Diarrhea persisting for 5-7 days

Question 38

Etiology of Gastroenteritis Bacteria

Answer 38

Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Yersinia, Clostridium difficile

Question 39

Presentation of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Answer 39

- High fevers - Shaking chills - Bloody bowel movements (dysentery) - Abdominal cramping & fecal leukocytes

Question 40

Presentation of Parasitic Gastroenteritis

Answer 40

- Watery stools - Low-grade fever

Question 41

Causes & High risk groups (Gastroenteritis)

Answer 41

Contaminated water& food Poor hygiene Nutritional deficiency Poor sanitation Increase frequency in infancy Immune deficient individuals Malnutrition Travel to endemic areas Lack of breast feeding Exposure to unsanitary conditions Poor maternal education

Question 42

Signs and Symptoms of Gastroenteritis

Answer 42

Nausea & Vomiting Diarrhea Loss of appetite Fever Headaches Abdominal pain Abdominal cramps Bloody stools Fainting and Weakness Heartburn Dehydration Lethargic

Question 43

Complications of Gastroenteritis

Answer 43

- Dehydration - Acid base imbalance with acidosis - Shock occur when dehydration progress to the point circulatory impaired