Common Nutrition Terms

Question 1

Nutrition

Answer 1

The study of how the body uses nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes. 50-80% of total cost in livestock production is feed related

Question 2

Nutrient

Answer 2

A component of feed that aids in the support of life. What is capable of being utilized by the animal.

Question 3

Essential Nutrient

Answer 3

A nutrient that is required in the diet because it can’t be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities to satisfy metabolic needs. These are not produced in the body in sufficient amounts to satisfy their needs.

Question 4

Feed

Answer 4

Any material, after ingestion by the animal, is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilized. Not all feed is utilized.

Question 5

Feedstuffs

Answer 5

Any ingredients used as food for animals. Forms the animal’s diet.

Question 6

Diet

Answer 6

An aggregate of multiple feedstuffs in a specific proportion to meet the animal’s requirements.

Question 7

Ration

Answer 7

A food allowance for one day is used because most feeds are mixed in large amounts and you wouldn’t want to over or under-feed your animals.

Question 8

Prehension

Answer 8

Taking in feed or water.

Question 9

Mastication

Answer 9

Reduction of feed particle size, generally by chewing. Increases the surface area to allow enzymes to mix in with feedstuff easier in order to aid in digesion.

Question 10

Deglutition

Answer 10

Act of swallowing.

Question 11

Regurgitation

Answer 11

Casting up of undigested material.

Question 12

Digestion

Answer 12

Preparation of food or feed for absorption, Includes physical/mechanical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial action. Breakdown of complex compounds into simpler materials.

Question 13

Absorption

Answer 13

Transfer of substances from the GI tract into the bloodstream or lymph nodes and their distribution. Takes place after passing through the mucous membrane.

Question 14

Metabolism

Answer 14

Sum of all biochemical processes that nutrients undergo to furnish energy and build new tissues.

Question 15

Anabolism

Answer 15

growth or building process. Putting together legos

Question 16

Catabolism

Answer 16

breakdown or destruction reactions. Taking apart legos

Question 17

Excretion

Answer 17

Removal of wastes

Question 18

Carnivores

Answer 18

Species of animals that feed almost entirely on flesh of other animals. Lions, tigers, snakes, sharks

Question 19

Omnivores

Answer 19

Species of animals consume both plants and flesh. Chickens and pigs.

Question 20

Herbivores

Answer 20

Species of animals depend entirely on plants for food. Horses, cattle, sheep, and goats.

Question 21

Digestion

Answer 21

Preparation of food or feed for absorption

Question 22

Physical and mechanical digestion

Answer 22

mastication and peristalsis

Question 23

Chemical Digestion

Answer 23

hydrochloric acid and bile

Question 24

Enzymatic Digestion

Answer 24

enzymes which increase the speed of the breakdown of chemical bonds in foods

Question 25

Microbial Digestion

Answer 25

populations of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi in the rumen and large intestine

Question 26

Monogastric

Answer 26

having one stomach; also referred to as simple-stomached or “non-ruminant”

Question 27

Ruminant

Answer 27

mammal whose stomach has four parts, including the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum

Question 28

Parotid

Answer 28

contains serous secretory portions and produces zymogen granules which are essentially secretory vesicles containing enzyme precursors

Question 29

Submaxillary (Submandibular)

Answer 29

produce a seromucous (have serous and mucous secretory portions) fraction

Question 30

Sublingual

Answer 30

contains mucous secretory portions

Question 31

Serous glands

Answer 31

secretions | rich in proteins and water

Question 32

Mucous glands

Answer 32

secretions rich in | glycoproteins and water

Question 33

Water from salivary glands

Answer 33

moistens the feed and aids in taste mechanisms

Question 34

Mucin from salivary glands

Answer 34

lubrication aid for swallowing

Question 35

Bicarbonate salts from salivary glands

Answer 35

(sodium bicarbonate) act as a buffer to regulate stomach pH

Question 36

Amylase from salivary glands

Answer 36

digestive enzyme that starts to break down simple sugars in the feed

Question 37

swine saliva

Answer 37

secretion of salivary amylase

Question 38

Ruminants saliva

Answer 38

no enzymes are secreted. Provides source of N, P, and K.

Question 39

Horse esophagus

Answer 39

only one-way peristaltic waves

Question 40

Ruminant esophagus

Answer 40

– two–way movement that allows for regurgitation of bolus for chewing of cud.

Question 41

Cardia

Answer 41

sphincter at the junction of the esophagus and stomach, which controls passage of ingesta into the stomach, or out.

Question 42

Esophageal region

Answer 42

nonglandular area surrounding the cardia

Question 43

Cardiac gland region

Answer 43

contains cells that produce primarily mucous (protects stomach lining)

Question 44

Fundic gland region

Answer 44

contains cells that provide the gastric secretions needed for the initial stages of digestion

Question 45

Parietal cells

Answer 45

produce hydrochloric acid

Question 46

Chief cells

Answer 46

produce enzymes or precursors of enzymes

Question 47

Pyloric gland region

Answer 47

contains cells that produce mucous and some proteolytic enzymes

Question 48

Pylorus

Answer 48

sphincter at the beginning of the small intestine which controls passage of material (chyme) out of the stomach

Question 49

Duodenum

Answer 49

Receives secretions from brunners gland, pancreas, and liver.

Question 50

Brunner’s Gland

Answer 50

Alkaline secretion

Question 51

Pancreas

Answer 51

secretes majority of digestive juices with hormone secretion | Liver (bile stored in gall bladder)

Question 52

Jejunum

Answer 52

Active site of nutrient absorption

Question 53

Ileum

Answer 53

Active site of nutrient absorption

Question 54

Bile Salts

Answer 54

emulsify fats, activate lipase

Question 55

Cholesterol

Answer 55

Bile salts that emulsify fats and neutralize acidic chyme are stored in the gall bladder

Question 56

chicken Crop

Answer 56

enlargement of the esophagus that stores feed

Question 57

chicken Proventriculus

Answer 57

a glandular stomach that Secretes gastric juices (pepsin) and hydrochloric acid.

Question 58

chicken Gizzard/Ventriculus

Answer 58

grinds feed

Question 59

chicken Small Intestine

Answer 59

similar to mammals; no lactase

Question 60

Chicken Ceca and Large Intestine

Answer 60

water resorption; some fiber digestion and water-soluble vitamin synthesis; large intestine only 2-4 inches in length

Question 61

chicken Cloaca

Answer 61

passageway for products of the urinary, digestive, and reproductive tracts