Common Terminology Flashcards
(151 cards)
Integumentary System
hair, skin, nails, sweat glands (functions to protect body from damage, control body temperature, impede loss of water, assist in production of vitamin D).
Skeletal System
bones, related cartilage, joints, ligaments (framework of the body; lends support, protection, creates blood cells, permits movement, and provides storage for fat and minerals).
Muscular System:
muscles and tendons (facilitate movement, generate body heat, and sustain posture).
Lymphatic System
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, various organs (eliminates foreign materials from circulation, fight illness, regulate tissue fluid level, absorbs fatty acids contained in the digestive tract).
Respiratory System:
lungs, airways, respiratory muscles (exchanges molecules of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the external environment and the blood. Also maintains blood pH).
Digestive System
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and various organs (mechanical and chemical digestion of food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling waste products from the body).
Nervous System:
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors (sensory perception, exercising control over body movement, cognitive reasoning, and vast array of physiological processes).
Endocrine System
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, and glands (release of hormones; influences growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and other physiological processes).
Cardiovascular System
heart, blood vessels, blood (utilizes blood as vehicle; distributes gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Also helps with immune response and body temperature
Urinary System
kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra (maintain blood pH, regulate water balance, expel waste products from blood).
Reproductive System
The female reproductive system includes ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, vagina, and other structures (produces oocytes, provides location for fertilization and fetal development. Also produces hormones which facilitate lactation and sexual behaviors and functions). The male reproductive system includes the penis, testes, various other structures (production of sperm cells and hormones which facilitate sexual behaviors and functions).
Superior:
above (ex: head is superior to feet).
Inferior
below (ex: feet are inferior to the head).
Cephalic
relative term meaning nearer to the head (ex: collar bone is cephalic to the sternum).
Caudal
relative term meaning nearer to the tail (ex: sternum is caudal to the collar bone).
Anterior:
toward the front of the body (ex: the nose is anterior to the brain).
Posterior
toward the back of the body (ex: the brain is posterior to the nose)
Ventral
toward the belly; equivalent to anterior (ex: the breast is ventral to the spine)
Dorsal:
toward the back; equivalent to posterior (ex: the spine is dorsal to the breast).
Proximal:
nearer to point of reference or attachment (ex: the shoulder is proximal to the elbow or the elbow is proximal to the wrist)
Distal
farther away from a point of reference or attachment (ex: the elbow is distal to the shoulder or the wrist is distal to the elbow.
Lateral
away from the median plane of the body (ex: the shoulder is lateral to the head or the ear is lateral to the brain).
Medial:
toward median plane of the body (ex: the head is medial to the shoulder or the nose is medial to the cheek).
Superficial
toward, at, or pertaining to the surface (ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles).
