Communicable Disease Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
Co-Factors
A
- Genetic mapping
- Cultural differences
- Malnutrition
- Chronic drug use
- Chronic physical or psychological stress
- Elderly or newborn
- Certain medications (steroids, chemo, not completed antibiotic use)
- Immunologically suppressed
- Diabetes
- Tissue transplant patient
- Trauma or burn patient (due to compromised skin barrier)
2
Q
Immunity
A
• Ability of the body to resist the infecting agent
• Three main types:
1. Natural – protected from the disease even though the patient has never had any form of the disease or been given any form of immunization against it. AKA Innate Immunity.
2. Acquired – induced active (vaccine or infection)
3. Passive – artificially acquired immunity (passive) transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from immune donor
3
Q
Virulence
A
• ability/strength of pathogen to overcome bodies defense
4
Q
Communicable Disease
A
- An illness caused by an infectious agent which can be transmitted from one person to another
- AKA infectious diseases
5
Q
OSHA
A
•The primary agency responsible for establishing guidelines and standards to regulate health care worker safety as it relates to communicable disease
6
Q
Epidemiology
A
• study of disease affect on population
7
Q
Normal flora
A
• does not cause disease
8
Q
Pathogens
A
• organism able to cause disease
9
Q
Opportunistic pathogen
A
• normally does not cause disease but under unusual circumstances will
10
Q
Exposure
A
• any occurrence in which blood or body fluids come in contact with non-intact skin or mucous membranes
11
Q
Chain of Disease Transmission
A
- Causative agent
- Mode of transmission
- Portal of transmission
- Receiving host
- Portal of entry
- Exposure
- Bites
12
Q
Sero-Conversion
A
- Creation of antibodies after exposure
* goal of immunizations/vaccines
13
Q
Micro-organisms
A
• Microscopic living organisms having a simple cell structure Types: - Bacteria - Viruses - Yeasts - Fungi
14
Q
Natural Immunity
A
• protected from the disease even though the patient has never had any form of the disease or been given any form of immunization against it. AKA Innate Immunity.
15
Q
Acquired Immunity
A
• induced active (vaccine or infection)
16
Q
Passive Immunity
A
• artificially acquired immunity (passive) transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from immune donor
17
Q
Modes of Transmission
A
- Direct
- Indirect
- Vector
18
Q
Direct Transmission
A
- Pathogen, insect, microorganism is spread from person to person
- Hand to hand, hand to mouth
- Droplet, contact with body or blood fluids
- fecal/oral contamination, sexual contact
19
Q
Indirect Transmission
A
• From person to object to other person, tissues, clothing, linens, eating utensils, food, water
20
Q
Vector Transmission
A
• Sometimes considered as indirect • Infection from a host animal Fleas Animals—Rabies Mosquitoes—Malaria, Dengue Fever Ticks--Lyme disease Rodents—Hanta virus
21
Q
Nosocomial
A
- Acquired in a health care setting
* Usually due to improper control procedures
22
Q
RSV – Respirator Syncytial Virus
A
- More common cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children
- Can be fatal
- Peaks November to April
- Begins as URI, misdiagnosed common cold
- Cough runny nose at first
- Later wheezing tachypnea, respiratory distress
- High risk congenitally ill children
23
Q
Mononucleosis – Mono
A
- Viral
- “Kissing disease”
- Person to person
- Respiratory tract infections
- Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
- Fatigue
- Hepatomegaly
- Oral discharge
24
Q
Center for Disease Control (CDC)
A
• Public Health Agency
• 3 main roles
1. determining effectiveness of disease transmission
2 gauging a diseases potential of community impact
3. recognized that disease is predictable
25
"First line of defense"
• Skin
26
Homeostasis
• normal and stable environment
27
Bacteria
* Will respond to antibiotic therapy
* Cause disease by presence in body
* Small living forms which reproduce by simply dividing
* Reproduce outside the cell
* Types: Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, TB, Syphilis, Staph, Streptococci, Tetanus
28
Virus
* Will usually not respond to antibiotic therapy
* Parasite, can not reproduce outside the living cell and must invade a living cell to survive
* Smallest infectious agents capable of reproduction
* Nucleic acid with protein coat
* Vaccines and immunizations a must !
* Types: Colds, Flu ,Measles, Mumps, Chicken Pox (Varicella), Herpes, HIV, HAV, HBV, HCV, HEV, Polio, Encephalitis, Some forms of Pneumonia
29
Yeasts
* Lives in our body, Illness and antibody use can cause it to multiply
* Thrust, esophagitis, vaginal, skin
* Can be life threatening
30
Fungus
* Requires: oxygen, warmth, humidity for growth
* Cellular organism that depends on living matter for growth
* Most common fungus is: ATHLETES FOOT !
31
Immunological Response
* “Antibodies respond invading substance by tagging or neutralizing cells”
* T-Cells: strop process of infection conquered. Direct attack
* B-Cells: produce antibodies
32
Body's Response to antibodies
* Fever
* Heat
* Aches
* Pains
* Swelling
* Redness
* Fatigue
* Malaise
33
Antibodies
* Produced in the body by plasma cells in a response to a foreign substance
* Body's response to long term protection from infection or disease
34
Stages of Disease
* Latent: this is the time between the exposure occurred and before the symptoms were seen
* Incubation: exposure to the signs of the disease
* Communicability: span during which contact with infected person will result in spread of infection
* Window: time from the exposure to the point were you test positive for the disease
35
Staphylococcus Aureus
* normal flora found on people
* around 30% of health people
* most common cause of food poisoning
36
Bad Staphylococcus
```
• Becomes problematic when introduced into the body or bloodstream via:
– Traumatic injuries
– Burns
– Surgical incisions
– Wound contamination
– Inhalation
– Ingestion
• Can cause
– Pneumonia
– Osteomyelitis
– Endocarditis
– Otitis media
```
37
Debbi's Rules
* Wash your hands
* Clean you equipment
* Change your filthy gloves
38
Good Enterococcus
* Gram positive bacteria found in human intestine
| * Normal flora in ileum and colon, help break down food for digestion and absorption
39
Bad Enterococcus
• Enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium
• Cause infections of:
– Urinary tract
– Abdominal pelvic conditions
– Endocarditis
• Can spread via direct contact or contaminated equipment
• Can live on equipment for up to one week!!!
40
Childhood Diseases
* Chicken Pox
* Measles
* Mumps
* Rubella
* RSV
41
Elements of Standard Precautions
* Handwashing
* Gloves
* Mask, Eye/Face Shields
* Gown
* Patient Care Equipment
* Airborne or droplet precautions
* MRSA and VRE patients
* HEPA respirator
* Wound Dressings
* Red bags
* Sharps
42
Medical Waste
• Three criteria
1. Must actually be a waste product
2. Can either be biohazard or sharp
3. Must be produced as a result of a specific action in the delivery of health care.
43
Standard Precautions
* Universal Precautions + Body Substance Isolation
* Universal precautions (blood and body fluid) is designed to reduce risk of transmission of blood borne pathogens
* BSI designed to reduce transmission of pathogens from moist surfaces
* Should implement standard precautions at all times (classroom, hospital and field) regardless of patients diagnosis or suspected diagnosis
44
MRSA
• Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aurous
45
VRE
• Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus
46
Clostridium difficile (C - Diff)
• Found throughout environment
• Some healthy people carry this in the large intestine
• Passed in feces
• When on antibiotics good bacterial is gone and unhealthy ones take over
• Newer strain
– Hard to treat
– Seen in patients not on antibiotics or in hospitals
47
Signs and Symptoms of C - Diff
* Diarrhea—3+ to 10+ times per day
* Cramping and pain
* Fever
* Blood in stool
* Nausea
* Dehydration
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
48
Chicken Pox (Varicella Zoster)
* Transmitted by respiratory secretions direct or indirect
* Scabs not infectious
* May reappear as “shingles” later (15%)
* Herpes family
49
Mumps (Paramyxovirus)
• Viral
• Unilateral or bilateral edema of salivary glands
• Direct contact of saliva droplets
• Can also affect
– Testes
– Pancreas
• May cause painful swelling and inflammation of testes
50
Respirator Syncytial Virus (RSV)
* More common cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children
* Can be fatal
* Peaks November to April
* Begins as URI, misdiagnosed common cold
* Cough runny nose at first, later wheezing tachypnea, respiratory distress
* High risk congenitally ill children
51
Mononucleosis
* Viral
* “Kissing disease”
* Person to person
* Respiratory tract infections
* Fever sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
* Fatigue
* Hepatomegaly
52
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
* Chlamydia – leading cause of blindness in new borns
* Herpes simplex type 2 – Causes vascular genital lesions
* Syphilis
* Gonorrhea
* Genital Warts
53
Rubella (German Measles)
```
• Virus (Rubivirus)
• Droplet
• Usually mild with rash and fever
• Congenital Rubella Syndrome
– 25% infants born to moms who get rubella in first trimester
– risk of death from sepsis, heart disease in first 6 months
retardation and other congenital defects
• Essentially eliminated
```
54
Red Measles (Rubeola)
* Viral
* Indirect or direct through contact with respiratory secretions
* Fever, cough, runny nose
* Conjunctivitis
* Bronchitis
* Blotchy red rash
* “Koplik’s spots” on buccal mucosa
* Bacterial infections may result (lungs, ears)
55
Lice S/S
* Red papules
| * White oval-shaped objects are eggs
56
Rabies Rx
Clean the wound with soap and water
57
Meningitis
• Viral or bacterial
• Inflammation of the covering of the brain and spinal cord
• Bacterial worse - more in kids 2 months to four years
• Mode of transmission- usually direct contact with airborne droplets or upper respiratory secretions
– Pathogen inhaled
– Invades respiratory passages
– Travels via blood to brain and spinal cord
– Spreads to additional organ systems
• May cause seizures, coma, shock
• Rx- antibiotics--Cipro
58
Bacterial Meningitis (Meningococcal)
```
• considered more communicable
– fever*
– headache*
– nausea
– vomiting
– Headache
• Encephalitis
– Headache
– Stiff neck
– Stiff back
– Coma
```
59
Viral Meningitis (Aseptic)
```
•Associated with other virus (mumps)
• Signs:
– Fever
–Malaise
– Sore throat
– Stiff neck
– Symptoms mild with complete recovery
```
60
Tuberculosis Patho
* Enters body and multiplies
* Enters lymph system
* Most common site effected- lung
* Less common sites- spine, bones, meninges, liver spleen
* Causes areas of fibrosis in lungs
* Decreases lung total capacity
61
Tuberculosis S/S
* Fever*
* Night sweats*
* Cough*
* Weight loss
* Sputum (green or yellow)
* Hemoptysis*
* Dehydration rare, concern in nursing home population
62
Tuberculosis Transmission
* Airborne droplets containing tubercle bacilli
* Sputum contact
* Ingested- used to be milk until pasteurization
63
Tuberculosis Precautions
* Mask on patient
* Mask on you
* Ventilatory assistance
* IV
* EKG
* No fans in rig
* Disinfect equipment
* Antibiotics
* Testing every year but should be area specific
64
```
Hepatitis A (infectious)
HAV
```
```
• Only hepatitis that is not blood borne
• How acquired
– Ingestion of HAV contaminated food
– Fecal-oral route
– Vaccine available
• Does not cause chronic liver disease
```
65
```
Hepatitis A (infectious)
HAV S/S
```
* GI symptoms (flu-like)*
* Dark urine*, light colored stools*
* Jaundice*
* Fatigue
* Malaise
* Vomiting
* Weakness
* Fever
* URQ abdominal pain
66
Needle sticks
* Health care workers risk of infection depends on
* Pathogen involved
* Immune status of the worker
* Availability and sue of appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis
* Higher risk with larger amounts of blood involved
67
Hepatitis B
• Viral
• Sources:
– Blood, serum, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions
• Patho similar to HAV
For Healthcare Folks **
–– 782 cases in 2009
10% Chronic carriers
If exposed check titer which will now be positive if exposed
If source negative no further test needed
Rapid HBV testing—takes 20 minutes
Tests antigen
68
Hepatitis C
```
• Blood borne virus
• Similar to HBV
• Usually as result of transfusion, but can be sexually transmitted or through needle stick
• Complications **
– Chronis infection develops
– Active liver disease
– Cirrhosis develops
– Live cancer develop
```
69
HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus
```
• Life threatening
•Attacks immune system
• Results in two major diseases:
– Kaposis Sarcoma
– Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
• Requires direct transfer of body fluids
• Can survive 24 – 36 hours after death
```
70
HIV Patho
* Converts RNA to DNA in host cell
* Cell now part virus, part cell
* Virus commandeers cell to reproduce more virus
* Cell ruptures after enough virus produced
* Cell destroyed, virus enters blood
* Seeks new target cells (helper T-cells)
* Antibodies to HIV produced but ineffective
71
HIV Modes of Transmission
* Unprotected sex
* IV drug use
* Blood contact to open wound
* Breast feeding by infected mom
* Mother to fetus
* Transfusions
* Needle sticks
72
HIV Signs And Symptoms
* fatigue
* fever
* chills
* night sweats
* weight loss>10 lbs.
* swollen glands
* thrush
* persistent diarrhea
* cough and SOB
* loss of vision
