Communicable Diseases

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

Any organism which causes disease

Question 2

What are infectious diseases also known as?

Answer 2

Communicable diseases

Question 3

What are non-infectious diseases influenced by?

Answer 3

Genetics or lifestyle factors

Question 4

Names disease cause by bacteria

Answer 4

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Ring rot

Question 5

What virus cause diseases

Answer 5

HIV/AIDS
Influenza
TMV

Question 6

What pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 6

Plasmodium

Question 7

How can communicable diseases be spread?

Answer 7

Directly or indirectly

Question 8

What social factor can affect the transmission of HIV?

Answer 8

Reduced healthcare access

Question 9

What physical barrier does our skin provide?

Answer 9

A physical barrier to stop pathogens from getting inside

Question 10

What do lysozymes do?

Answer 10

Kill bacteria by damaging their cell walls

Question 11

What is the role of mucus in the respiratory system?

Answer 11

Traps pathogens that are inhaled and the cilia wafts them up

Question 12

What is callose?

Answer 12

A polysaccharide deposited by pathogens in plants to prevent entry

Question 13

What are the four main stages of the immune response?

Answer 13

• Phagocytosis of pathogen
• Activation of T lymphocytes
• Activation of B lymphocytes
• Production of antibodies by plasma cells

Question 14

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 14

The process by which phagocytes destroy pathogens

Question 15

What type of cells are T lymphocytes?

Answer 15

White blood cells

Question 16

What do T helper cells do?

Answer 16

Release interleukins to activate B lymphocytes

Question 17

What are the two types of cells B lymphocytes can differentiate into?

Answer 17

• Plasma cells
• Memory cells

Question 18

What is the primary function of plasma cells?

Answer 18

Produce antibodies

Question 19

What is the structure of an antibody?

Answer 19

Made up of four polypeptide chains (two heavy chains and two light chains)

Question 20

What is agglutination?

Answer 20

The clumping of pathogens by antibodies

Question 21

What happens during the primary immune response?

Answer 21

The immune system takes time to respond to the first infection

Question 22

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Answer 22

Active immunity involves the body producing its own antibodies, while passive immunity involves receiving ready-made antibodies

Question 23

What is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 23

When the immune system attacks normal body cells

Question 24

What do vaccines contain?

Answer 24

A dead or weakened form of a pathogen or just antigen proteins

Question 25

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 25

By interfering with bacterial cell walls and ribosomes

Question 26

What causes antibiotic resistance?

Answer 26

Mutations in bacteria's DNA that protect them against antibiotics

Question 27

What is MRSA?

Answer 27

A bacteria resistant to most types of antibiotics

Question 28

What measures do hospitals take to prevent antibiotic resistance?

Answer 28

* Rotated use of different antibiotics * Taking the full course of antibiotics * Avoiding overuse of antibiotics

Question 29

What is personalized medicine?

Answer 29

Tailoring treatment plans based on individual genetic profiles

Question 30

What is synthetic biology?

Answer 30

Technology used to make artificial versions of cellular components or organisms

Question 31

What is the role of synthetic biology in drug production?

Answer 31

It can artificially produce drugs like artemisinin

Question 32

Name protoctista

Answer 32

Late blight Malaria

Question 33

Name fungi

Answer 33

Black Sigatoka Athlete’s foot

Question 35

How do blood clots form?

Answer 35

Blood clots form when blood vessels are damaged, plugging wounds to prevent the entry of pathogens and blood loss.

Question 36

What role do goblet cells in the trachea play?

Answer 36

Goblet cells in the trachea secrete mucus, which traps inhaled pathogens.

Question 37

How are trapped pathogens removed from the trachea?

Answer 37

Trapped pathogens are swept towards the stomach by the action of ciliated epithelial cells.

Question 38

What is the function of gastric juices in the stomach?

Answer 38

Gastric juices are highly acidic, denaturing proteins and killing pathogens ingested with food and drinks.

Question 39

What protects the intestines and skin from pathogens?

Answer 39

Harmless bacteria cover the insides of our intestines and the surface of our skin, competing with pathogenic organisms.

Question 40

What happens to tissue during inflammation?

Answer 40

Inflamed tissue swells to isolate pathogens, and vasodilation increases blood flow to help white blood cells reach the area.

Question 41

What are expulsive reflexes?

Answer 41

Expulsive reflexes, such as coughing and sneezing, help to expel pathogens from the body.

Question 42

What is the function of the waxy cuticle on a leaf?

Answer 42

The waxy cuticle provides a physical barrier against the entry of pathogens into the leaf.

Question 43

What is the role of the cell wall in plant defense?

Answer 43

The cell wall serves as another physical barrier to pathogen entry after the cuticle.

Question 44

What substance do pathogens deposit when they invade plants?

Answer 44

Pathogens deposit a polysaccharide called callose between the cell wall and plasma membrane.

Question 45

What is the purpose of callose in plant defense?

Answer 45

Callose makes it harder for pathogens to enter plant cells.

Question 46

What types of compounds do some plants produce as chemical defenses?

Answer 46

Some plants produce antibiotic or fungicidal compounds to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi.

Question 47

What are insecticides in the context of plant defense?

Answer 47

Insecticides are chemicals toxic to insects, reducing the risk of infection by plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors.

Question 49

What are phagocytes?

Answer 49

Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that can destroy pathogens.

Question 50

What types of phagocytes are there?

Answer 50

Types of phagocytes include macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils.

Question 51

How do phagocytes detect pathogens?

Answer 51

Phagocytes detect pathogens when receptors on their cell surface bind to antigens on the pathogen.

Question 52

What happens after a phagocyte detects a pathogen?

Answer 52

The phagocyte wraps its cytoplasm around the pathogen and engulfs it.

Question 53

What is a phagosome?

Answer 53

A phagosome is a type of vesicle that contains the engulfed pathogen.

Question 54

What is a lysosome?

Answer 54

A lysosome is a type of vesicle that contains digestive enzymes (lysozymes).

Question 55

What forms when a lysosome fuses with a phagosome?

Answer 55

A phagolysosome is formed when a lysosome fuses with a phagosome.

Question 56

What is the role of lysozymes?

Answer 56

Lysozymes digest the pathogen and destroy it.

Question 57

How is the digested pathogen removed from the phagocyte?

Answer 57

The digested pathogen is removed by exocytosis.

Question 58

What do phagocytes do with some antigen molecules?

Answer 58

Phagocytes keep some antigen molecules to present on their cell surface.

Question 59

What is the significance of presenting antigens?

Answer 59

Presenting antigens alerts other cells of the immune system to the presence of a foreign antigen.

Question 60

What is an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

Answer 60

A phagocyte that presents antigens is referred to as an antigen-presenting cell (APC).