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Biology > Communicable Diseases 2 > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

microorganisms that cause infectious diseases that multiply in the body

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2
Q

How can pathogens be harmful to living beings

A

They release harmful toxins and chemicals - these make us ill and damages our tissues

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3
Q

How can pathogens spread and give examples for all of them

A

air - influenza
water - cholera
direct contact (fluids) - HIV

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4
Q

what 4 types of diseases can pathogens make?

A

viruses
bacterial
fungi
protist

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5
Q

describe the main features of a virus

A

they need a host cell (a cell in the body)
they reproduce inside the host cell
when the virus leaves the host cell, it can burst the cell open and cause it to die

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6
Q

name 2 ways of reducing the spread of pathogenic diseases

A

use of antiseptic
washing hands and basic hygiene
isolation of infected people
vaccination

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7
Q

What disease type is measles?

A

virus

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8
Q

how is measles spread?

A

via the air - coughing and sneezing

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9
Q

What are the affects of measles?

A

can lead to brain damage and breathing damage

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10
Q

what disease type is HIV?

A

virus

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11
Q

What does HIV attack?

A

The immune system

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12
Q

What is the affect of HIV?

A

as the immune system is weakened, less deadly diseases to other people can become fatal. The late stage is called AIDs and is generally fatal to everyone with AIDs

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13
Q

What drugs can be given to anyone with a virus?

A

antiretroviral drugs to stop the virus reproducing, would have to be taken as a daily drug for the rest of the life to not develop any multipling - NOT A CURE!

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14
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Fluids

  • sex
  • needles
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15
Q

What type of disease is samonella?

A

bacterial

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16
Q

How is samonella contracted?

A

From ingesting infected poultry such as chickens

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17
Q

Why is samonella dangerous?

A

It releases toxins that damage tissues

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18
Q

What type of disease is Gonorrhoea?

A

bacterial

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19
Q

How is gonorrhoea transmitted?

A

Fluids

-sex

20
Q

What are ways of stopping Samonella?

A

Vacconations of chickens

21
Q

What are the ways of stopping Gonorrhoea?

A
  • condoms

- tests after sex

22
Q

What type of disease is malaria?

A

protist

23
Q

How is malaria spread?

A

Via vectors(mosquito)

24
Q

What are the ways to stop malaria?

A
  • mosquito net

- stop the vector from reproducing

25
Q

What are the 3 main functions of WBC?

A
  • produce antibodies
  • produce antitoxins
  • commit phagocytosis
26
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process of how phagocytes ingest and destroy pathogens. WBCs produce the phagocytes so they are able to ingest the pathogen so the enzyme can break it down

27
Q

Explain antibodies

A

Antibodies are made by the lymphocytes. They stick to pathogens like a lock and key and destroy them. They remain in the blood for a long period of time

28
Q

Explain antitoxins

A

WBCs produce antitoxins. These antitoxins stick to the toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells

29
Q

Explain lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes produce antibodies against antigens - anything that is detected as foreign - virus infected cells

30
Q

describe a vaccination

A

injecting a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen into the body. As the pathogen is dead it will not harm the human, however lymphocytes will produce antibodies. These stay in the blood for long periods, waiting for another infection.

31
Q

describe herd immunity

A

where enough of the population is immune to a pathogenic disease so that the disease is unable to spread.

32
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

a drug that will kill the bacteria inside the body.

33
Q

What is antibiotic resistant?

A

where the antibiotic is unable to work on the bacteria as it has been abused, this leads to stains of bacteria that are not killed by the antibiotic.

34
Q

Can antibiotics kill viruses?

A

No as the virus reproduces inside a host cell

35
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Painkillers are drugs that treat the symptoms of a disease

36
Q

What are the 4 main tests for testing drugs?

A

testing for:

  • toxicity
  • safety
  • efficiency
  • dosage
37
Q

What are the stages of trials?

A

preclinical trials

clinical trials

38
Q

describe what happens in a preclinical trial

A

the drug is tested on tissues, cells and live animals to test for toxicity

39
Q

describe what happens in a clinical trial

A

the drug is first given to volunteers at a low dosage to test for toxicity again, then the drug is tested in either a blind or double blind trial

40
Q

What is a placebo drug?

A

A placebo drug is a fake pill/injection that is given to the patients as a control. In addition it rules out any bias.

41
Q

What is a blind trial?

A

A trial where there is only one party blinded and not knowing if there is a placebo drug or not

42
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

A trial where there is both the doctors and patients that don’t know who has the placebo drug to rule out any bias completely.

43
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • Fever

- rash

44
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

flu - like illnesses

45
Q

What are the symptoms of Samonella?

A
  • Fever
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
46
Q

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

A

yellow/green discharge around penis or vagina

47
Q

Where is a lymphocyte produced?

A

The bone marrow

Biology (6 decks)

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