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Biology > Communicable Diseases B5+6 > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases B5+6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Communicable disease definition

A

Are caused by pathogens and can be spread

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2
Q

Pathogens

A

Micro organisms that cause disease

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3
Q

Measles pathogen

A

Virus

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4
Q

Measles symptoms

A

Red rash spreads over body, high temperature, red sore eyes

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5
Q

Measles treatment

A

Take ibuprofen, drink fluids, highly contagious so no work or school

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6
Q

Measles transmission and prevention

A

Transmission- tiny drops of saliva when people cough/ sneeze (live on surfaces for several hours affecting people in contact)

Prevention- having MMR (measles, mumps and rubella vaccine) given 12 months before child starts school

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7
Q

HIV pathogen

A

Virus

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8
Q

HIV symptoms

A

-Flu like illness 2-6 weeks after infection
-May feel well and not get any symptoms for years but destroying immune system.

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9
Q

HIV treatment

A

Tablets everyday different combos required over time
-antiretroviral medications to prevent multiplying

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10
Q

Transmission and prevention of HIV

A

Transmission:
-bodily fluids during sex/sharing needles/or mother to baby during pregnancy or breastfeeding

Prevention:
-physical sex protection (condoms)
-vaccination

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11
Q

Required Practical- testing antiseptics and antibiotics AIM

A

To investigate the effect of antiseptics and antibiotics on the growth of bacteria

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12
Q

Required Practical- testing antiseptics and antibiotics DV,IV,

A

IV: different types of antibiotics and antiseptics
DV: growth of bacteria (measure zone- area- of inhibition)

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13
Q

Required practical- testing antiseptics and antibiotics CONTROLS

A

Controls
-Concentration of antiseptic
-Temp
-Nutrient
-Species of bacteria

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14
Q

Disinfectants definition

A

Applied to surface to kill pathogens (eg bleach)

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15
Q

Antiseptics

A

Topically applied to skin (eg. hand washes)

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16
Q

Antibiotics definition

A

Taken internally to kill bacteria only (eg penicillen)

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17
Q

Painkillers definition

A

Medicine that treats symptoms of disease but has no effect on the pathogen

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18
Q

Why do cells burst in presence of antibiotics and why do they not effect human cells

A

-water enters the bacterial cell by osmosis
-so damaged/ no cell wall cannot withstand pressure and they burst

-don’t effect human cells and they do not have cell wall

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19
Q

RP- Testing antiseptics and antibiotics

A

1- work in sterile environment so bacteria doesn’t infect
2- set up station disinfected laminated sheet and Petri dish with agar gel (lid on)
3-open bacteria bottle keep lid near neck and flame neck few times (sterilize)
4-flam inoculating loop till burn red leave to cool for sec so doesn’t kill bacteria
5-dip in bac spread in zigzag on gel
6-place loop in disinfectant lift Petri dish at 45 degree very little
7- tape 2 or 4 vertical strips so oxygen can get in around dish
8-sterilize bacteria bottle again and put lid on

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20
Q

Role of white blood cell (phagocyte)

A

Ingest pathogens destroying them

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21
Q

Role of white blood cells (lymphocytes)

A

Produce special protein (antibodies)
which can be made quickly by memory cells if pathogen gets in again

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22
Q

White blood cell roles

A

Produce antitoxins which counteract toxins released by bacteria

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23
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein that target particular bacteria or viruses and destroy them. They are complimentary and specific to each shape of antigen. Antibodies bind to antigen and neutralize the pathogen.

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24
Q

Physical Plant defenses listed

A

Cellulose cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle
Bark/layer of dead cells
Leaf fall

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25
Cellulose cell wall plant defense does..
strengthen plant to resist microorganisms invasion
26
Tough waxy cuticle physical plant defense does…
barrier on surface to entry of pathogens stomata becomes only entrance
27
Bark/layer dead cells plant defense physical does…
protective layer hard for pathogens to penetrate (dead cells lost/shed pathogens fall off with them)
28
Physical plant defense leaf fall does…
deciduous trees loose leaves in autumn and and pathogens infecting leaves also fall
29
Chemical plant defenses and what they do
-Production of antibacterial chemicals that protect against pathogens -Poisons to deter herbivores
30
Mechanical adaptations plant defenses
-Thorns and hairs deter herbivores -drooping curling leaves -when touched leaves move and dislodge and scare animals -mimickry, droop mimicking unhealthy trucking
31
Plant disease symptoms
-spots on leaves -stunted growth -areas of decay -growths -malformed stem and leaves -discoloration
32
Plant disease treatments
-pesticides and anti-fungal treatment -mineral deficiencies -remove plants to stop spread
33
3 Diagnosis methods plant disease
Testing kits DNA samples Comparing symptoms to garden manual
34
How aphids affect plants
Aphids- sharp moth pieces penetrate phloem vessels and feed on sugar rich phloem sap -vectors that transfer bacteria/virus/fungi from infected to healthy
35
How other plant pests affect
Nematode worms and insect larvae feed on plant roots damage them so unable to absorb water and mineral ions
36
What is the first stage of drug testing called?
Pre-clinical trial ## Footnote This stage involves testing on tissues, animals, or other non-human subjects.
37
What is the purpose of the Phase 1 clinical trial?
To test safety and side effects on healthy volunteers ## Footnote This phase focuses on determining the safety profile of the drug.
38
Who is typically tested in Phase 1 clinical trials?
Healthy volunteers ## Footnote This phase assesses the drug's safety before moving to patients.
39
What is the main focus of Phase 2 clinical trials?
To test effectiveness and side effects on patients ## Footnote This phase evaluates how well the drug works while monitoring safety.
40
What type of study design is commonly used in Phase 2 clinical trials?
Placebo/double blind ## Footnote This design helps reduce bias in assessing the drug's effectiveness.
41
What is the goal of Phase 3 clinical trials?
To determine efficiency and effectiveness on a large number of patients ## Footnote This phase provides comprehensive data on the drug's performance.
42
What is analyzed in the results of clinical trials?
Groups of results ## Footnote This analysis helps in understanding the drug's overall impact.
43
Fill in the blank: Phase 1 clinical trials primarily test for _______.
safety and side effects
44
True or False: Phase 3 clinical trials involve small groups of patients.
False ## Footnote Phase 3 trials involve a large number of patients to validate the drug's effectiveness.
45
What is the purpose of using a placebo in clinical trials?
To avoid bias ## Footnote Placebo controls help determine the actual effect of the drug.
46
What is the primary purpose in the pre-clinical trial stage?
Safety and toxicity ## Footnote This stage is crucial for assessing potential risks before human testing.
47
What is a key aspect of Phase 2 clinical trials?
Determining correct dosage Establishing the right dosage is critical for ensuring safety and efficacy.
48
How are monoclonal antibodies made
-B lymphocytes make specific antibodies but do not divide are combined with tumor cells that do not make antibodies but divide -Makes a hybridoma cell which makes specific antibodies + divides. -The cells are the cloned -Monoclonal antibodies are separated purified (taken from cells making them) and can be used
49
Malaria pathogen and symptoms
Protist -high fever,sweating -vomit and diarrhea -muscle pains
50
What are stem cells
Unspecialized cells that can divide by mitosis to form daughter cells and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation
51
Where are stem cells found and what type
Embryos (embryonic stem cells) Bone marrow (Adult stem cells)
52
How do adult stem cells in bone marrow make new red blood cells?
Adult stem cells divide by mitosis Separate 2 daughter cells One will differentiate and become a specialized cell such as red blood cell
53
What is differentiation
Process of a cell becoming adapted to carry out a specific function by acquiring sub-cellular structure
54
Advantages and disadvantages of adult stem cells
A- bone marrow is good source of stem cells and easily extracted A- organism can give consent so fewer ethical issues D- hard to find tissue match and painful extraction D- complications leading to health issues ie infection D-expensive not accessible and money should be used elsewhere
55
Advantages and disadvantages of Embryonic stem cells
A-encouraged to grow into an cell in body A-hopes it can be used to help paralyzed walk A-embryos are often not used in IVF so otherwise wasted D-embryos thought of as form of life in some religions D-can’t consent to death- murder? D-embryos could be donated to other couples (infertile or same sex)
56
Where are stem cells found in plants and what called
Plants contain meristematic stem cells in the tips of their roots and shoots. These can differentiate into any types of cell
57
What are meristematic stem cells used for and what advantages and disadvantages
Produce genetically identical clones of adult plants A-end world hunger and good profit for economy D-contaminated by bacteria
58
Smoking chemicals,effect and risk factor
Carbon monoxide Poisonous binds to haemoglobin instead of oxygen meaning less respiration Tar Carcinogenic Causes cancer Nicotine Additive causes platelets to stick together and blood clots Circulatory diseases Temp and particles Damage cillia and mucus isn’t removed
59
What does smoking cause steps
Restricted air flow or gas exchange Less oxygen enters blood Less aerobic respiration Less energy Less cellular reactions
60
Definition of non communicable disease
A disease that cannot be spread between organisms because it’s not caused by a pathogen
61
What is alcohol a risk factor for
Liver failure Addiction -depression Kidney disease Lack of inhibition
62
What is a tumor
A mass of abnormal cells that form when cells divide uncontrollably
63
64
Benign tumor
Benign is growth of abnormal cells that is contained in one area and does not spread usually not cancerous but can cause problems by pressing on organs
65
Malignant tumor
A growth of abnormal cells that invade neighboring tissues and spreads to other parts of the body via the blood- Cancerous
66
Factor that increase risk of tumor forming
Carcinogens- can cause mutations triggering formation Ionsiing radiation- interrupt normal cell cycles and cause tumors to form Some viruses- eg HVP can cause several cancers
67
What is chemotherapy
Use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them dividing -targets rapidly dividing cells -can affect healthy cells 2=side effects
68
Radiotherapy
Using high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA Stopping them from dividing -often used on specific parts of body -can also affect healthy cells nearby but more targeted
69
What is a large sample size
Investigation that involves 1000 or more test subjects
70
Doing an experiment steps
Change -IV, units and range Organism - breed/age/sex/condition Repeats -1000 (enough data for valid conclusions) Measure -DV,units and how to measure Same -what other variable keep constant
71
What are genes
A short section of DNA That codes for a particular protein
72
DNA and structure
The chemical that carries genetic information Double helix
73
What is an allele
Different versions of the same gene eg hair colour
74
Phenotype
Physical appearance
75
Chromosome and male vs female
Structures that are made up of DNA Human body contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs Female- xx Male- xy
76
Genome
All the genetic material of an organism
77
Protein
A polymer made from a particular sequence of amino acids
78
Homologous chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes which carry the same genes in the same Order- one from each parent
79
Cell cycle stages and look at photo!
Interphase - growth, increase in mass,replicate DNA make subcellular structure eg ribosomes Mitosis- mitosis chromatids are pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides (Chromosomes condense and line up down equator and chromatids separate) Cytokinesis- cell membrane and cytoplasm divide and 2 new cells form (Cell membrane and cytoplasm divide and 2 new cells form)
80
Purpose of cell cycle
Growth, repairing tissue and asexual reproduction
81
82
Pregnancy test steps
-Urine applied to test stick -test contains monoclonal antibodies specific to pregnancy women hormone HCG if present it will bind to antibodies on test -test had region with another set of antibodies attached to colour marker if HCG present the antibodies on test will change cause colour chnge at test line -control line will also appear to show test working correctly
83
Plant deficiencies -yellow leaves and stunted growth!
Lack of magnesium ions- not enough chlorine for photosynthesis so not enough glucose to release energy for growth Infected by aphids -remove phloem sugars and not enough glucose for proteins making growth Lack of available light- So chlorophyll breaks down so not enough glucose to make proteins for growth Infected by pathogen- bacteria/virus/fungus so leaves become discolored/yellow so less photosynthetic so not sure bough glucose to make proteins for growth

Biology (1 decks)

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