Communication & Social Behaviour

Question 1

How human beings communicate with each other?

Answer 1

via sign and signals

Question 2

Why do infants survival depend on another humans efforts?

Answer 2

infants are unable to care for themselves and they have a long period of dependency on adults providing time for socialisation and leanring to occur.

Question 3

What is infant attachment?

Answer 3

the emotional tie that binds a baby to its primary carer.

Question 4

When does the strong emotional tie between the baby and mother develop? What does this trigger in the mother?

Answer 4

as the baby suckles, clings and cries. This triggers the mother’s desire to protect and care for the baby.

Question 5

What is meant by indiscriminate attachment?

Answer 5

the baby does not favour any particular adult, it will accept food and comfort from anyone.

Question 6

What is specific attachment and what age does it begin?

Answer 6

the baby is attached to its primary carer and few others (strong bond)
17-20 weeks it begins
(6-9 months)

Question 7

What is early infant attachment important in?

Answer 7

laying the foundation for the future formation of stable relationships and allows the development of a sense of trust and social skills.

Question 8

What are infants that form secure attachments more likely to do?

Answer 8

investigate their immediate environment helping develp cognitive abilities.

Question 9

What is contact comfort?

Answer 9

Human newborns need physical touch and nurturing (close bodily contact). This gives them the sensation of physical well-being & safety.

Question 10

What does contact comfort play a basic role in?

Answer 10

attachment between human infants and their carer.

Question 11

Based on Harlow’s monkeys, what are the characteristics of disturbed adults?

Answer 11

over-aggressive
withdrawn
uncommunicatve
This results in infants growing into an inadequate parents.

Question 12

Describe the strange situation?

Answer 12

allows psychologists to observe a baby with their carer, a stranger and alone.

1. Carer brings baby into a room of unfamiliar toys.
2. Stranger enters & tries to play with baby
3. Carer leaves baby with stranger
4. Carer returns & plays with baby, stranger leaves
5. Carer leaves baby alone
6. Stranger returns
7. Carer returns

Question 13

What is a sign of secure attachment?

Answer 13

immediately wanting comfort from mother

Question 14

What are the signs of insecure attachment?

Answer 14

baby not beig upset when mother left

concentrated on toys instead of acknowleging the situation

Question 15

How are children who are considered to be more securely attached more likely to behave in their first year?

Answer 15

Able to form social bonds with peers, group work and problem solving

Question 16

What are the results for the stranger situation for secure attachment?

Answer 16

Major distress when mother leaves > resists comfort from stranger > goes immediately to mother and then calms dow = perceptive mother

Question 17

What are the results for the stranger situation for detached insecure attachment?

Answer 17

Indifferent/ only slightly distress if mother leaves > accepts comfort from stranger > Ignores mother or approaches her looking away = mother lacks perception

Question 18

What are the results for the stranger situation for resistant insecure attachment?

Answer 18

major distress when mother leaves > resists comfort from stranger > both seeks & resists comfort from mother = mother insensitive to baby’s needs

Question 19

What is socialsation?

Answer 19

gradual modification of a developing individual’s behaviour in order to accomodate the demands of an active social life within the community

Question 20

What do behaviourial skills provide us with the ability to do?

Answer 20

Ability to react appropriately in social situations, for example being sympathetic, assertive, submissive, forceful, affectionate, demanding, modest, approvign or supportive depending on circumstances.

Question 21

What do cognitive skills provide us with the ability to do?

Answer 21

Ability to gain the knowledge & develop problem solving skills necessary to function effectively for example to gain employment within society

Question 22

What do emotional skills provide us with the ability to do?

Answer 22

Ability to form stable relationships and demonstrate feelings towards others

Question 23

What are the 3 attributes of social competence?

Answer 23

• behavioural skills
• cognitive skills
• emotional skills

Question 24

What is the quality of a developing child’s social competence affected by?

Answer 24

the method of control adopted by their parents

Question 25

What does authoritative control generally result in?

Answer 25

children with greater social competences, who are more self-reliant and are more academically successful than permissive control

Question 26

Describe parents who use authoritative control?

Answer 26

- is warm, nurturing and emotionally supportive towards the child - sets limits, rules, high standards and explains reasons - gives direction and expects responsible behaviour in return - reasons with the child and demonstrates respect

Question 27

Describe parents who use permissive control?

Answer 27

- is warm and nurturing - does not set limits, lay down rules or assign responsibilities - adopt 'no discipline' approach - allows the child to regulate their own behaviour

Question 28

What is communication?

Answer 28

the exchange of information from one individual to another and it can be verbal or non-verbal

Question 29

What is non-verbal important in?

Answer 29

forming relationships between individuals and can signal attitudes and emotions as well as acting as an aid to verbal communication

Question 30

Give 5 examples of non-verbal communication?

Answer 30

- facial expressions - body language - smiling in babies - eye contact - physical proximity

Question 31

What can facial expressions convey?

Answer 31

attitudes and emotions

Question 32

What is a babies form of non-verbal dialogue?

Answer 32

sounds and visual signals such as smiling

Question 33

How does smiling it babies help increase their survival value?

Answer 33

by helping to ensure the baby will receive food, care and attention.

Question 34

By the age of 6 months, smiling in a baby is regarded as selective social act, what does this mean?

Answer 34

it is reserved for selected individuals e.g. primary carers.

Question 35

What is eye contact?

Answer 35

the maintenance of a gaze between 2 people

Question 36

What does the frequency and length of time of eye contact communicate?

Answer 36

information

Question 37

What can extended eye contact be an indication of ?

Answer 37

sexual attraction

Question 38

What is the maintenance of eye contact between strangers?

Answer 38

rare

Question 39

Why is eye contact often avoided?

Answer 39

it can be embarrassing and uncomfortable

Question 40

What is personal space?

Answer 40

the generally accepted distance between 2 people

Question 41

What does increased distance suggest?

Answer 41

dislike | defensiveness

Question 42

What does decreased distance suggest?

Answer 42

sexual attraction | aggressive behaviour

Question 43

How is body language expressed?

Answer 43

by posture (sitting stiffly, foetal position) and gestures (nodding head, pointing, folding arms)

Question 44

What can body language indicate?

Answer 44

state of mind

Question 45

What can nail biting and hair chewing indicate?

Answer 45

nervousness + stress

Question 46

What does sprawling on a chair suggest a person is?

Answer 46

relaxed

Question 47

What is verbal communication used in?

Answer 47

the transmission of knowledge, development of culture and social evolution

Question 48

What can the way words are said make a huge difference to?

Answer 48

the meaning of the phrase

Question 49

Give examples of auditory signals that effect the meaning of a phrase? (5)

Answer 49

``` tone accent emphasis speed of delivery timing ```

Question 50

What can speaking at high speed indicate?

Answer 50

nervous/ excited

Question 51

What can speaking loud indicate?

Answer 51

anger

Question 52

What can speaking in a monotonous voice indicate?

Answer 52

boredom & fatigue

Question 53

What is language?

Answer 53

a system that combines basic sounds to make words and can be represented as written symbols (letters).

Question 54

What can language be arranged into?

Answer 54

``` simple categories (words) complex hierarchies (phrases, paragraphs) ```

Question 55

What is language used in short term for?

Answer 55

day to day use | use of linguistic strategies to our advantage e.g. different tone of voice used when you want something

Question 56

What is language used in long term for?

Answer 56

transfer of information from one generation to the next | promoting acceleration of learning and intellectual development

Question 57

What is learning ?

Answer 57

a change in behaviour as a result of experience

Question 58

Once a motor skill has been mastered e.g. riding a bike, what does repeated use of it establish?

Answer 58

a motor pathway in the nervous system

Question 59

What does the repetition of a skill thought to result in? What does this lead to?

Answer 59

an increased number of synaptic connections being formed between the neurons in the pathway . This leads to the formation of motor memory for a practical skill.

Question 60

What will practice of a skill do?

Answer 60

improve performance

Question 61

What will a lack of practice of a skill do?

Answer 61

result in it becoming ''rusty'', however it is not completely lost

Question 62

A great deal of human behaviour is learned through imitation. Describe examples of imitation in children and adults?

Answer 62

Child dressing up in adult clothes. The child is imitating the behaviour of adult relatives or friends. Adults use imitation for learning new skills. Imitation makes tasks easier to learn and takes less time to learn. For this reason, even manuals will have diagrams or videos of human modelling the activity (demonstration)

Question 63

When complex or long tasks are broken down in to smaller segments, what can the learner then do?

Answer 63

attempt to repeat the information over and over so that effective learning will occur (repetition)

Question 64

What is trial and error learning?

Answer 64

process by which an animal (e.g. rat) or human will respond in different ways to stimulus until the correct answer is reached e.g. human trying to solve a Rubik's cube. involves many trials and errors until the problem is resolved

Question 65

What is motivation?

Answer 65

the ''inner drive'' which makes an animal or human want to participate in the learning process

Question 66

Give 3 factors that can motivate an animal's behaviour ?

Answer 66

hunger thirst sexual drive

Question 67

What is reinforcement? Give example ?

Answer 67

When behaviour patterns that have positive consequences for the individual are like to be repeated e.g. studying for an exam will result in a pass; therefore, the process of studying to pass exams is reinforced

Question 68

During reinforcement, what does the reinforcer e.g. a food reward do?

Answer 68

increases the likelihood of the response being repeated

Question 69

When does positive reinforcement occur?

Answer 69

when the animal or human receives something pleasant or positive after a particular response has been made, thereby increasing the chance of the response being repeated e.g. a dog receiving a biscuit when it is told to sit

Question 70

When does negative reinforcement occur?

Answer 70

when something unpleasant or negative is brought to a halt when the organism makes a particular response. This increases the chance of the response being repeated e.g. a human discovering that a painkiller cures a headache is likely to use this remedy when pain strikes in the future