Communications Final

Question 1

People subconsciously respond to flashed messages - especially if they are negative. Briefly displaying words and images so quickly that people do not even consciously notice, does nevertheless change their thinking

Answer 1

Effectiveness of Subliminal Advertising

Question 2

Thoughts and beliefs about an attitude object
Example: land-grant school

Answer 2

Cognitive Components of Attitudes

Question 3

Emotional reactions and feelings towards an attitude object
Example: fell satisfied or happy with school

Answer 3

Affective Components of Attitudes

Question 4

Behavior or actions towards an attitude object
Example: attend ISU

Answer 4

Behavioral Components of Attitudes

Question 5

• Based on the presence of a perceived relationship between a source and receiver
• Occurs when source possesses attractiveness
  -“By agreeing, I will be more like him or her.”

Answer 5

Identification as a type of influence

Question 6

-Utilitarianism: maximize rewards and minimize punishments
- Ego protection: protect self and ego from painful reality
- Value expression: express our individuality
- Knowledge - expressive: guidelines to easy decision making

Answer 6

The four functions of attitudes

Question 7

To relate to your central ideas and structure, supporting materials, and style to audiences’ opinions and background to most successfully get your point across

Answer 7

Example of audience adaptation

Question 8

The idea that the more an argument escalates the more likely a comparison to Hitler/Nazis will made

Answer 8

Godwin’s law regarding Hitler/Nazis and online discussions

Question 9

Person with the most power

Answer 9

Expert power

Question 10

• People can & do hold attitudes of just about anything
  
  • Liking for others: attitude about other individuals
  • Self-esteem: attitude about ourselves
  • Prejudice: attitudes toward our own and other groups
• Affective: emotional reactions and feelings
• Behavioral: behaviors/actions taken
• Cognitive: thoughts and beliefs

Answer 10

Reasons to study attitudes

Question 11

A claim maintaining that a course of action should or should not be taken

Answer 11

Claim of policy

Question 12

A claim maintaining that something is good or bad, beneficial or detrimental, or another evaluate criterion

Answer 12

Claim of value

Question 13

A claim maintaining that something is true or false

Answer 13

Claim of fact

Question 14

A claim maintaining that something will be true or face in the future

Answer 14

Claim of conjecture

Question 15

• Involves in one-way communication between a source
• Involves a two-way exchange of information

Answer 15

Intercultural vs Mass communication

Question 16

Surveillance, Correlation, Cultural Transmission, Entertainment

Answer 16

Functions of Media

Question 17

Communication in which timing is out of sync; there is a time delay between when you send a message and when it is received.

Answer 17

Asynchronous communication

Question 18

Idea that long-term immersion in a media environment leads to “cultivation” or enculturation, into shared beliefs about the world

Answer 18

Cultivation Theory

Question 19

The view that the world is a much more dangerous place than it actually is

Answer 19

Mean World Phenomenon

Question 20

• Model that predicts that media will have swift and potent influence
• Passive recipients, media creates wants and needs, media gives us values to live by

Answer 20

Power Effects Model

Question 21

People’s tendency to avoid certain messages and to see out others

Answer 21

Selective Exposure

Question 22

We may only listen to parts of a message

Answer 22

Selective Attention

Question 23

Assigning meaning to messages in selective ways

Answer 23

Selective Perception

Question 24

Select the issues they feel are most worthy of coverage and give those issues wide attention

Answer 24

Purpose of Media Gatekeepers

Question 25

- Education and socialization - Media informs receivers about events and socialize receivers by observing what characters do in television dramas - We internalize behavioral norms by viewing films - We learn about our cultures history by reading magazines we confront questions of values

Answer 25

Example of cultural transmission by the media

Question 26

Marshall Mcluhan - expressing beliefs that the channel through which a message is transmitted is important as the message itself and that the channel often determines which message will be transmitted and which will be ignored.

Answer 26

Importance of the phrase "the medium is the message"

Question 27

The center of the things in the network analysis, the first person that others go to for information

Answer 27

Opinion leaders in consumer behavior

Question 28

- Level used to describe digital information and telecommunication - Systems - networked computing social media and mobile telecommunication texting

Answer 28

Examples of new media and old media

Question 29

Use of two or more media systems simultaneously

Answer 29

Concurrent media use

Question 30

Type of communication through which individuals make themselves known to other people and when others reciprocate by sharing personal information, leads to another relational development and increased intimacy

Answer 30

Self-disclosure in social media (vs. face-to-face interactions)

Question 31

Typically involves changing plans once person has already set out for the encounter

Answer 31

Examples of micro coordinating interaction via smartphones

Question 32

A culture that places a great deal of emphasis on the total environment (context) where speech and interaction take place, especially on the relationships between the speakers rather than just on what they say

Answer 32

High-context cultures

Question 33

Assumes that the message itself means everything, and it is much more important to have a well-structured argument or a well-delivered presentation than it is to be a member of the royal family or a cousin of the person listening

Answer 33

Low-context culture

Question 34

Believing that the way one's culture does things is the right and normal way to do them

Answer 34

Ethnocentric bias

Question 35

- Learned - Shared - Multifaceted - Dynamic - Overlapping

Answer 35

Characteristics of Culture

Question 36

Strict instructions given without any discussion from followers - best for mindless tasks or stressful situations

Answer 36

Characteristics of Authoritarians

Question 37

- Individual rights take center stage - Independence is highly valued - Being independent upon others is often considered shameful or embarrassing - People tend to be self-reliant - Ex. United States

Answer 37

Characteristics of Individualistic Cultures

Question 38

People are considered "good" if they are generous, helpful, dependable, and attentive to the needs of others. Ex. Japan, China

Answer 38

Characteristics of Collectivistic Cultures

Question 39

A culture that views time as a finite and tangible community

Answer 39

Monochromic cultures

Question 40

Smaller groups of culture within a larger cultural mass

Answer 40

Co-cultures

Question 41

A sense of belonging to an original and a new culture at the same time

Answer 41

Intercultural identity

Question 42

Interpreting negative behavior as internal rather than external

Answer 42

Fundamental Attribution Bias

Question 43

Intercultural encounters are a commonplace now with advances in telecommunication and transportation technology - changed our sense of distance of places

Answer 43

"Global Village"

Question 44

Strict instructions given without any discussion from followers - best for mindless tasks or stressful situations

Answer 44

Characteristics of authoritarians

Question 45

- Impressions of the traits and characteristics of members of a group or category - Predict of culture - Result from deep personal needs - Ordinary cognitive processes

Answer 45

Purpose of stereotypes

Question 46

Dismissing information that doesn't fit a negative stereotype

Answer 46

Discounting as cognitive biases

Question 47

Looking for differences and ignoring similarities

Answer 47

Polarization as cognitive biases

Question 48

- Prejudice: feelings towards individuals because of their group membership - Stereotype: impressions of the traits and characteristics of members of a group category - Discrimination: behavior towards individuals because of their groups category membership

Answer 48

Types of intergroup bias

Question 49

- Lead to negative behaviors - Held by groups or people in power - Held despite contradictory evidence

Answer 49

When is bias considered a problem

Question 50

People stereotype more during the "wrong" time of day

Answer 50

Results of Biorhythms study