Community Exam 2 Study Guide

Question 1

Hippocrates of Cos

Answer 1

• Father of modern medicine
• First person to put in writing that external environmental factors cause illness

Question 2

Epidemiological process vs nursing process

Answer 2

• Both are derived from problem solving
• Nursing process = individual
• Epidemiological process = population

Question 3

Epidemic

Answer 3

Outbreak of increased incidence of a disease beyond normal limits within the population

Question 4

Endemic

Answer 4

Certain amount of disease that is constant

Question 5

Epidemiology

Answer 5

• Study of disease
• Prevent illness
• Promote health

Question 6

Incidence

Answer 6

Measure of new cases

Question 7

Prevelance

Answer 7

Overall amount of cases

Question 8

Epidemiological Triad

Answer 8

Host, agent, and environment

Question 9

What is the epidemiological triad used for?

Answer 9

How infectious disease affects people

Question 10

Web of causation

Answer 10

• Focuses on multiple causes of conditions
• Focuses on environment/host rather than agents
• Compares modifiable vs non-modifiable factors

Question 11

William Farr

Answer 11

• Took Graunt’s work further
• Analyzed death statistics
• Compared # of deaths in age, gender, occupations, and imprisonment

Question 12

John Graunt

Answer 12

Made bills of mortality (understanding of disease and conditions that lead to death)

Question 13

Florence Nightingale

Answer 13

• Mother of nursing and pioneer of epidemiologist
• Created the polar area diagram
• Showed statistics created organized learning

Question 14

John Snow

Answer 14

• Best epidemiologist of 19th century
• Broad street pump

Question 15

Trend in mortality and morbidity from 1900-present

Answer 15

• Leading cause used to be disease now it is heart related
• Noncommunicable illness is more common due to infection prevention being more applicable

Question 16

Trend in mortality and morbidity from 1900-present

Answer 16

• Leading cause used to be disease now it is heart related
• Noncommunicable illness is more common due to infection prevention being more applicable

Question 17

Leavell & Clark History of Disease Model

Answer 17

• Pre-pathogenesis: initial interactions between agent, host, and environment (primary prevention)
• Pathogenesis: Biological, physiological, or other responses within the host (Secondary prevention)
• Convalescence: Tertiary prevention - rehab

Question 18

Factors that contribute to noncommunicable disease

Answer 18

Tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, lack of exercise

Question 19

Factors that affect overall community health

Answer 19

• Childhood/maternal undernutrition
• Addictive substances
• Sexual/Reproductive health
• Environmental risk

Question 20

Most basic measurement

Answer 20

Frequency

Question 21

How to calculate rate

Answer 21

of conditions of events in a specific period of time / population at risk in that period of time x 10

Question 22

Incidence Rate formula

Answer 22

Number of new cases in a time period/total population x 1000

Question 23

Prevalence rate formula

Answer 23

of existing cases over a period of time/total population x 1000

Question 24

Cross cultural nursing

Answer 24

Any nurse/client encounter from a different culture

Question 25

Enthocentrism

Answer 25

Assuming everyone’s has your cultural beliefs and your culture is superior over others

Question 26

Crude rate

Answer 26

General measure of occurrence that uses bias

Question 27

Adjusted rate

Answer 27

Removes bias by eliminating effects of differences

Question 28

Infant Mortality

Answer 28

# of infant deaths under the age of 1

Question 29

Specificity

Answer 29

Ability to correctly identify people who DO NOT have a disease

Question 30

Sensitivity

Answer 30

Ability to correctly identify people who DO have a disease

Question 31

Descriptive epidemiology research

Answer 31

- Who/what/where/when - Does not give a cause - Case study/survey

Question 32

Analytical Epidemiology research

Answer 32

- Gives a cause - Test hypothesis - Uses case control studies

Question 33

Infant Mortality formula

Answer 33

Number of infant deaths under age of 1/births in that year x 1000

Question 34

Crude death rate

Answer 34

Number of deaths in a total year/ total population x 100,000

Question 35

Age specific rate formula

Answer 35

Number of cases in an age category/ population in the same age category x 1000

Question 36

Proportionate mortality rate formula

Answer 36

Number of deaths resulting from a specific cause/ total deaths x 1000

Question 37

Latent stage

Answer 37

Not contagious

Question 38

Communicable stage

Answer 38

Contagious

Question 39

Incubation stage

Answer 39

Start of infection to the point where symptoms begin to

Question 40

Infectivity

Answer 40

ability of agent to invade host and replicate

Question 41

Virulence

Answer 41

Severity

Question 42

Pathogenicity

Answer 42

Ability of agent to produce infectious disease within a host

Question 43

Fomite

Answer 43

Object

Question 44

Vector

Answer 44

Animal/bug

Question 45

Zoonoses

Answer 45

Animal reservoir to human

Question 46

3 things that impact host susceptibility

Answer 46

Age, health, behavior

Question 47

Colonization

Answer 47

Prescence and multiplication of an infectious organism without invading or damaging tissue

Question 48

How does norovirus spread

Answer 48

One person to another via fecal-oral route

Question 49

STI symptoms

Answer 49

Discharge, burning, sore, rash

Question 50

Bacterial STI

Answer 50

- Chlamydia, gonnorhea, syphilis - Treat with antibiotic

Question 51

Virus STI

Answer 51

- Human papilloma virus, HIV, herpes, hepatitis - Treat with antivirals

Question 52

Who can’t get vaccines

Answer 52

- Pregnant/Immunocomprimised - Febrile - Allergic to eggs, antibiotics, preservatives, adjuvants

Question 53

What are live vaccines

Answer 53

- Weak pathogen - Stimulate immune response without getting disease

Question 54

What are inactivated vaccines

Answer 54

- Pathogen that has been killed - Stimulate immune response without causing disease - Multiple doses

Question 55

Active immunity

Answer 55

- Immunity caused by direct exposure that leads to production of antibodies - Natural through infection - Artificial through vaccine

Question 56

Passive Immunity

Answer 56

- Immunity gained through transfer of antibodies - Natural is placenta or breast milk - Artificial is immunoglobulin therapy

Question 57

VIS

Answer 57

Vaccines information sheet that must be signed prior to administration

Question 58

Microbial adaptation

Answer 58

- Epidemic occurs - Infection becomes endemic in population - Symbiosis is possible, further adaption required

Question 59

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 59

Microbial adaptation and change in response to the overuse of antibiotics and consequent accumulation in the environment will cause the rapid evolution of resistant pathogens