Community Health seminars 5&6 Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
what percentage of sight loss is acquired
A
97%
2
Q
how can you identify visual impairment (x5)
A
white stick white symbol cane guiding cane dark/tinted glasses peering closely at something (with magnifier) guide dog being guided reading braile
3
Q
RF for visual impairment (x3)
A
female
BME communities
learning diabilities
4
Q
main causes of sight loss (x4)
A
cataracts
glaucoma
AMD
diabetic retinopathy
retinitis pigmentosa
hemianopia
5
Q
what are cataracts
A
cloudy lens over time - gets worse over time
6
Q
what is AMD
A
age-related macular degeneration
- blurry pot in vision
- 2 forms - dry and wet
macular disease = damage to macular cells, central part of retina and affects CENTRAL vision
(not peripheral vision)
7
Q
what type of sight are macular cells for
A
fine detail (reading, writing, cooking watching TV)
8
Q
treatments for AMD
A
no cure but treatments can halt the process
9
Q
how can you reduced RF of AMD
A
protect eyes from sun
eat fresh fruit and veg
quit smoking
10
Q
what is glaucoma
A
group of eye conditions which cause optic nerve damage and effect vision
11
Q
what causes glaucoma
A
raised eye pressure or weakness in optic nerve
12
Q
types of glaucoma (x3) - which is most common
A
- chronic open-angle glaucoma - MOST COMMON, develops slowly
- primary angle- closure glaucoma - rare, rapid or chronic
- secondary glaucoma - eye injury or condition e.g. uveitis
- developmental glaucoma/ congenital - rare
- normal tension glaucoma
13
Q
what is retinitis pigmentosa
A
- tunnel vision
- inherited condition of retina
- difficulties with NIGHT vision and PERIPHERAL vision (later reading, colour and central)
- can be AD, AR, or x-linked
14
Q
what causes hemianopia
A
stroke/ brain injury
homonomous hemianopia = loss of part of the field of view on the same side in both eyes
15
Q
what is the leading cause of vision loss in adults over 65
A
diabetic retinopathy
16
Q
what happens in diabetic retinopathy
A
damage to blood vessels to retina (part of the eye that responds to light)
17
Q
tx diabetic retinopathy
A
early stages - laser
will halt progress but not restore vision
18
Q
tools for effective communication with blind people
A
large print audio email voice activated mobile phone braille and moon speech packages - Jaws and Hal
19
Q
how to assess AMD
A
amsler grid
20
Q
what is charles bonnie syndrome
A
hallucinations following vision loss
21
Q
what should you look out for in blind people
A
depression, employment isolation
22
Q
what are Human Givens
A
emotional needs
23
Q
name 5 human givens
A
security attention autonomy and control intimacy part of wider community privacy status competence achievement meaning and purpose
24
Q
name 4 challenges of old age
A
- staying engaged
- coping with loss
- living ever closer to the end (gerotranscendence)
- coming to terms with the life you have led (integrity vs despair)
25
risks of old age (x2)
depression/ despair
isolation/ loneliness
--> self neglect/ harm
26
signs of loneliness
body language/ appearance
denial/ boredom
highly talkative/ clingy
27
RF for loneliness (x5)
```
live alone
bereavement
illness
mobility
sensory impairment
quality not quantity of social contact
no close family nearby
no regular time away from house
```
28
what can depression cause
vascular dementia/ Alzheimers
29
physical consequences of isolation (x3)
earlier death
hard to regulate behaviour
less likely to engage in safe behaviours
brain changes --> ill health
30
define social theory of disengagement
ageing is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the ageing person and other in the social system he belongs to... natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society... innate, universal ad unidirectional
31
social exclusion theory
the dynamic process of being shut out, fully or partially, from any of the social, economic, political or cultural systems which determine the social integration of a person in society
32
what are the 5 domains of social exclusion in older adults
```
material resources
basic services
civic activities
neighbourhood
social relationships
```
33
give 3 national initiatives for older people
Silver Line (confidential, free helpline for older people)
Dementia Friends
Men in Sheds
34
give 3 housing initiatives for older people
intergenorational housing
co-housing
flexible care
35
an example of initiative for older people in Sheffield
dementia cafe
36
social challenges of older people
number of older people increasing
| number of childless old people increasing
37
why are old men more at risk than women
less social
38
RF for homelessness (x4)
BME
local authority care leavers
ex army
ex prisoner
39
risk to person from homelessness (x4)
die from unnatural causes
mental health problems
suicide
low life expectancy
40
health problems related to homelessness (5)
```
infectious diseases (TB, hep)
poor conditions teeth and feet
respiratory problems
injuries following violence/rape
sexual health, smears, contraction (blood borne infection)
serious mental health problems (depression, personality disorder)
poor nutrition
addiction/ substance misuse
```
41
barriers to health care for homeless
- difficulties with access (opening times)
- lack of integration between mainstream primary care and other agencies (justice)
- other things on their mind (Maslows)
- may not know where to find help
42
what health conditions are more likely in travellers (x5)
```
miscarriage
chronic bronchitis
asthma
smoking
suspected angina
```
43
barriers to care for travellers
```
reluctance of GPs to register gypsies/ travellers or to visit sites
poor reading and writing skills
communication difficulties
too few permanent and transient sites
mistrust professionals
lack of choice
```
44
what comprises a travellers team
specialist health visitor
mobile clinic
liaison with GP, hosp, ante-natal clinic
gradual acceptance of mainstream health care
45
asylum seeker definition
a person who has made an application for refugee status
| awaiting court, legal terms, anyone has right to apply, mostly young men
46
refugee definition
a person granted asylum and refugee status. usually means leave to remain for 5yrs then re-apply
(Geneva convention description)
47
humanitarian protection
failed to demonstrate claim for asylum but face serious threat to life if returner (usually 3yrs then re-apply)
48
what right does a refugee have
all the right of a UK citizen
| eligible for family reunion (one spouse and any children of that marriage under the age of 18)
49
what is indefinite leave to remain
granted full refugee status and given permanent residence in UK
50
what are asylum seekers entitled too (x4)
- £35/week
- housing
- NHS care (primary health care and maternity care?)
<18yrs - social service key worker and can go to school
51
what are asylum seekers NOT entitled too
work
any other form of benefit
secondary health care?
(failed asylum seekers are not entitled to money, housing, NHS)
52
barrier to health services for asylum seekers (x3)
```
lack of knowledge on where to get help
lack of understanding on how NHS works
language/ culture/ communication
hyper-mobility
not homogeneous group
health not priority
```
53
refugee experience in UK
```
separation from family
hostility
racism
poverty
poor housing
unemployment
detention
```
54
physical health of asylum seekers (x5)
```
common illnesses
illness specific to country of origin
injuries from war and travelling
no prev health surveillance/ neonatal screening/ immunisations
malnutrition
torture/ sexual abuse
infestation and debilitation
communicable disease/ blood bourne
untreated chronic disease/ congenital problems
```
55
mental health conditions among asylum seekers
```
PTSD
depression
sleep disturbance
psychosis
self harm
```
NB: psychological expression is culture bound
56
health care for asylum seekers
```
rapid access
screening
catch up programmes/ imms/ child health
appropriate assessment and referrals
education for asylum seekers and health professionals
mental health expertise
supporting evidence for asylum hearings
```
57
define unaccompanied children
- crossed international border in search of safety/ refugee status
- applying for asylum
- under 18
- without adult family members
58
what are the differences in asylum treatment pre and post 1999
pre 1999
- council housing
- baisc benefits
- employment rights
- freedom of movement
- access to NHS
post 1999 - FASTER, FAIRER, FIRMER
- no choice dispersal
- vouchers (70% income support)
- NASS support package
- full access to NHS
- not allowed to work
59
previous experience in home country (x5)
```
massacre
torture
sexual assault/ rape
witness torture
disappearance of family
forced eviction
forced conscription
political oppression
deprivation of human rights
detention
being held under siege
being taken hostage
```
60
children and torture
```
Direct Experience of Torture
Witnessing Torture
Child Soldiers
Different Reactions
Secrets
Developing Trust / Confidence / Belonging
Importance of School
Support for Parents
```
61
most common cause of homelessness
eviction by private landlords
62
3 contributory factors associated with homelessness
```
relationship breakdown
economic hardship
bereavement
mental health
ex prisoner
domestic abuse (mother and children, not father)
substance abuse
```
63
inverse care law
the principle that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served
64
3 barrier to access of care by vulnerable groups
```
education
language
transport
stigma
money
```
65
3 factors which most influence traveller health
level of education
no antenatal care
no screening
66
what is the biggest barrier asylum seekers have to over come?
stigma?
