COMP Flashcards
(355 cards)
1
Q
What is comparative politics?
A
The study of different political systems and their similarities and differences.
2
Q
What are the key features of a state?
A
Territory, sovereignty, legitimacy, and government.
3
Q
What is sovereignty?
A
The authority of a state to govern itself without outside interference.
4
Q
What is legitimacy in politics?
A
The recognized right of a government to rule, based on consent or legal foundations.
5
Q
What is a regime?
A
A government system in place, either democratic or authoritarian.
6
Q
What is a state?
A
A political unit with a defined territory, government, and sovereignty.
7
Q
What is a government?
A
The body or group responsible for making and enforcing laws within a state.
8
Q
What is a nation?
A
A group of people with common cultural characteristics, such as language or ethnicity.
9
Q
What is the difference between a nation and a state?
A
A state is a political entity; a nation is a cultural entity.
10
Q
What are political ideologies?
A
Sets of beliefs or values about the role of government and society.
11
Q
What is a democracy?
A
A system of government where power lies with the people, either directly or through elected representatives.
12
Q
What is a dictatorship?
A
A form of government where power is held by a single leader or small group, often without consent of the governed.
13
Q
What is political participation?
A
The ways in which citizens engage in the political process, such as voting or protest.
14
Q
What is a political party?
A
An organized group of people who seek to control the government by winning elections.
15
Q
What is a direct democracy?
A
A form of democracy where citizens vote on laws and policies directly.
16
Q
What is a representative democracy?
A
A system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
17
Q
What is a political spectrum?
A
A range of political ideologies from liberal to conservative.
18
Q
What is the purpose of a constitution?
A
To outline the structure, powers, and limits of government.
19
Q
What are civil rights?
A
The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.
20
Q
What is a unitary system of government?
A
A system where power is concentrated in a central government.
21
Q
What is a federal system of government?
A
A system where power is shared between national and regional governments.
22
Q
What is the separation of powers?
A
Dividing government power into different branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
23
Q
What is the role of the executive branch?
A
To implement and enforce laws.
24
Q
What is the role of the legislative branch?
A
To make laws.
25
What is the role of the judicial branch?
To interpret laws and ensure they are applied fairly.
26
What is a parliamentary system?
A system of government where the executive is drawn from the legislature.
27
What is a presidential system?
A system of government where the president is elected separately from the legislature.
28
What is a hybrid system of government?
A system that combines features of both presidential and parliamentary systems.
29
What is a regime type?
The classification of a political system based on how power is distributed and exercised (e.g., democratic, authoritarian).
30
What is the difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism?
Authoritarianism allows limited political pluralism, while totalitarianism seeks to control all aspects of public and private life.
31
What are hybrid regimes?
Political systems that have some characteristics of both democracies and authoritarian regimes.
32
What is the concept of democratization?
The transition from an authoritarian regime to a more democratic one.
33
What is a coup d'état?
The sudden, illegal overthrow of a government, usually by the military.
34
What is the role of interest groups?
Organized groups that seek to influence government policies and decisions.
35
What is a political culture?
The shared beliefs, values, and practices regarding politics within a society.
36
What is political socialization?
The process by which individuals learn about and develop their political beliefs and values.
37
What is nationalism?
A strong sense of loyalty and pride toward one's nation, often tied to the belief in the nation's superiority.
38
What is globalization?
The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations.
39
What is a market economy?
An economic system where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are driven by supply and demand.
40
What is a command economy?
An economic system where the government makes all decisions about the production and distribution of goods and services.
41
What is a mixed economy?
An economic system that combines elements of both market and command economies.
42
What is the welfare state?
A government that provides basic services such as healthcare, education, and unemployment benefits to its citizens.
43
What is the role of political parties in elections?
Political parties organize to compete in elections, represent ideas, and seek to control the government.
44
What is electoral system?
The method by which votes are translated into seats in a legislature.
45
What is the difference between a first-past-the-post (FPTP) system and a proportional representation (PR) system?
FPTP awards seats based on winning the most votes in a district, while PR allocates seats based on the proportion of votes received.
46
What is a mixed-member proportional (MMP) system?
An electoral system that combines FPTP and proportional representation.
47
What is a political party system?
The number and type of political parties in a political system (e.g., two-party, multiparty, one-party).
48
What is civil society?
The realm of organizations and institutions that are independent of government, such as NGOs, advocacy groups, and community organizations.
49
What is the role of the media in politics?
The media informs the public, acts as a watchdog, and influences public opinion and policy.
50
What is transparency in government?
The openness and accountability of government actions, ensuring that citizens can understand and monitor decisions.
51
What is the concept of rule of law?
The principle that all individuals and institutions, including the government, are subject to and accountable under the law.
52
What is judicial review?
The power of courts to review and potentially overturn laws or executive actions deemed unconstitutional.
53
What are human rights?
Fundamental rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled, regardless of nationality or citizenship.
54
What is the role of the United Nations in global politics?
The UN promotes international cooperation, peace, security, and human rights through diplomacy and conflict resolution.
55
What is globalization's impact on sovereignty?
Globalization can limit state sovereignty by increasing international influence on domestic policies.
56
What is the significance of the European Union (EU)?
The EU is a political and economic union that aims to foster economic integration, political cooperation, and peace in Europe.
57
What is the role of international organizations?
International organizations, like the UN or IMF, promote cooperation, peace, trade, and development on a global scale.
58
What is the difference between internationalism and nationalism?
Internationalism emphasizes global cooperation, while nationalism emphasizes loyalty and pride toward one's own nation.
59
What is a public policy?
A course of action or decision made by government to address societal issues.
60
What is the concept of decentralization in government?
The transfer of authority from central government to regional or local levels.
61
What is the role of the bureaucracy in government?
The bureaucracy implements and enforces policies, typically through a hierarchy of officials.
62
What is an authoritarian regime?
A political system where power is concentrated in the hands of a few, and political opposition is limited or repressed.
63
What is the concept of 'theocracy'?
A form of government where religious leaders control the political system, often in line with religious laws.
64
What is a theocratic state?
A state where religious leaders hold political power and laws are based on religious principles.
65
What is the role of a head of state?
The head of state is a symbolic leader representing the state, often in ceremonial duties, though roles may vary by country.
66
What is the role of a head of government?
The head of government is the leader responsible for running the day-to-day operations of the government, often the prime minister or president.
67
What is a legislature?
The branch of government responsible for making laws, typically composed of elected representatives.
68
What is bicameralism?
A legislature that has two chambers, such as a House of Representatives and a Senate.
69
What is a unicameral legislature?
A legislature with a single chamber or house.
70
What is a referendum?
A vote in which citizens directly approve or reject a proposed law or policy.
71
What is a plebiscite?
A direct vote by the public on a particular issue, often related to constitutional changes or major policies.
72
What is a recall election?
A special election to remove an elected official from office before the end of their term.
73
What is a political elite?
A small group of individuals who hold significant power, wealth, or influence in a society or government.
74
What is political patronage?
The practice of giving government positions or benefits in exchange for political support.
75
What is a one-party state?
A political system in which only one political party is allowed to hold power.
76
What is a multi-party system?
A political system where multiple political parties compete for power.
77
What is a two-party system?
A political system dominated by two major political parties.
78
What is a coalition government?
A government formed by multiple political parties coming together to form a majority.
79
What is political accountability?
The idea that elected officials are responsible to the people and must justify their actions and decisions.
80
What is political corruption?
The abuse of power by government officials for personal gain.
81
What is clientelism?
A political system where politicians provide material benefits to constituents in exchange for political support.
82
What is patron-client politics?
A system where politicians offer benefits or favors to individuals in exchange for political loyalty.
83
What is neoliberalism?
An economic policy that favors free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduced government intervention in the economy.
84
What is populism?
A political ideology that advocates for the interests and rights of ordinary people, often against elites or established institutions.
85
What is a military regime?
A government run by the military, often following a coup.
86
What is a rentier state?
A state that derives a significant portion of its revenue from the rent of natural resources or foreign investments.
87
What is a failed state?
A state with weak institutions, unable to provide basic services, maintain order, or protect citizens.
88
What is a democracy index?
A measure of the state of democracy in a country, often based on factors like political participation, civil liberties, and government functioning.
89
What is the role of elections in a democracy?
Elections allow citizens to choose their representatives, hold leaders accountable, and express their preferences.
90
What is suffrage?
The right to vote in political elections.
91
What is a political party platform?
A set of policies or goals a political party promotes during an election.
92
What is party discipline?
The degree to which party members support their party's policies and positions.
93
What is electoral fraud?
Illegal interference with the election process, such as vote tampering or voter suppression.
94
What is the role of political ideologies in a democracy?
Political ideologies help define political parties and their goals, shaping political debates and policy outcomes.
95
What is federalism?
A system of government where power is divided between a central government and regional governments.
96
What is devolution?
The transfer of powers from a central government to local or regional governments.
97
What is a social movement?
A collective effort by a group of people to bring about social or political change.
98
What is civil disobedience?
A form of protest where individuals deliberately break the law to highlight injustice or push for change.
99
What is a lobby group?
A group that tries to influence government policy and decision-making, typically on behalf of a specific interest.
100
What is a political revolution?
A significant change in political power or organizational structures, often involving the overthrow of the existing government.
101
What is the role of the executive in a parliamentary system?
The executive, often led by a prime minister, is drawn from and accountable to the legislature.
102
103
What is the role of the executive in a presidential system?
The executive, led by the president, is separate from and often checks the power of the legislature.
104
What is the political concept of 'separation of church and state'?
The principle that religion should not interfere with government, and vice versa.
105
What is a civil society organization (CSO)?
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate to promote various social, political, and economic goals.
106
What is political polarization?
The growing ideological distance and division between political parties or groups within a society.
107
What is a majoritarian system?
An electoral system that requires candidates to win a majority of votes to secure election.
108
What is a proportional representation system?
An electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.
109
What is the concept of 'checks and balances'?
A system in which different branches of government can limit each other's powers to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
110
What is a referendum?
A direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue, typically involving constitutional or policy changes.
111
What is the difference between a parliamentary and a presidential system?
In a parliamentary system, the executive is drawn from the legislature; in a presidential system, the executive is elected separately.
112
What is a coalition government?
A government formed by multiple political parties working together to secure a majority in the legislature.
113
What is the role of the judiciary in a democracy?
The judiciary interprets the law and ensures that laws are applied fairly and justly, often through judicial review.
114
What is the difference between common law and civil law systems?
Common law relies on judicial precedents, while civil law is based on written codes and statutes.
115
What is judicial activism?
When judges interpret laws or the constitution in ways that go beyond the literal text, often in pursuit of social or political change.
116
What is judicial restraint?
The principle that judges should limit their own power, deferring to the elected branches of government.
117
What is a constitution?
A foundational legal document that defines the structure, powers, and limits of government.
118
What is the difference between a constitutional monarchy and an absolute monarchy?
A constitutional monarchy has a monarch with limited powers, while an absolute monarchy gives the monarch complete control over the government.
119
What is the role of the executive in a unitary system?
The central government holds the majority of power, and the executive enforces laws for the entire nation.
120
What is the role of the executive in a federal system?
The executive is responsible for both national and regional governance, balancing power between central and regional governments.
121
What is the difference between a weak and strong state?
A weak state struggles to maintain control, provide services, and uphold rule of law, while a strong state can effectively govern and meet citizens' needs.
122
What is an authoritarian regime's primary characteristic?
Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or small group, with limited political freedoms for citizens.
123
What is a technocratic government?
A government run by experts or technical specialists, rather than elected officials.
124
What is a dictatorship?
A form of government where absolute power is held by a single leader or small group, often through force or repression.
125
What is an oligarchy?
A form of government where power rests in the hands of a small, elite group of individuals or families.
126
What is the role of the military in politics?
In some states, the military holds significant political power, sometimes even controlling the government through a coup.
127
What is the concept of 'soft power'?
The ability to influence others through cultural or ideological appeal, rather than through military or economic force.
128
What is 'hard power'?
The use of force or economic pressure to achieve political objectives.
129
What is a one-party system?
A political system where only one political party is allowed, and political opposition is restricted.
130
What is the role of political culture in a democracy?
Political culture shapes how citizens view their political system, which can influence levels of participation and government legitimacy.
131
What is the difference between a plebiscite and a referendum?
Both are forms of direct voting by the public, but a plebiscite usually concerns a national issue, while a referendum often involves a proposed change in law.
132
What is an independent judiciary?
A judiciary that is separate from political influences and can make decisions based on the law, rather than political pressure.
133
What is the significance of freedom of the press in a democracy?
Freedom of the press allows for the dissemination of information, acts as a check on government power, and supports public accountability.
134
What is civil society?
The sphere of voluntary associations, such as NGOs, community groups, and social movements, that exist independently of the state.
135
What is political participation?
The ways in which individuals engage with and influence political processes, such as voting, protests, or contacting representatives.
136
What is the concept of 'representative democracy'?
A form of democracy where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, rather than voting on laws directly.
137
What is a political system?
The set of institutions and practices that organize and control the distribution and exercise of political power.
138
What is a political party?
A group of people who share common political beliefs and seek to gain political power by winning elections.
139
What is the role of the opposition in a democracy?
The opposition critiques the actions of the ruling party, provides alternative policies, and holds the government accountable.
140
What is the role of elections in political legitimacy?
Free and fair elections provide legitimacy to the government, as they reflect the will of the people.
141
What is political corruption?
The abuse of power for personal gain, often through bribery or nepotism.
142
What is a mixed economy?
An economic system that combines elements of both market and command economies, with both private and public sector involvement.
143
What is economic liberalization?
The process of reducing government intervention in the economy, often through deregulation and privatization.
144
What is the concept of 'structural adjustment'?
Economic policies that often require developing countries to implement free-market reforms in exchange for financial assistance.
145
What is the role of international organizations like the IMF and World Bank?
They provide loans, grants, and financial support to help countries achieve economic stability and development.
146
What is political repression?
The act of suppressing political opposition or dissent, often through force or legal restrictions.
147
What is the role of the bureaucracy in policy implementation?
Bureaucrats implement government policies and carry out daily administrative tasks, acting as the backbone of the government.
148
What is the concept of 'civil liberties'?
Individual freedoms protected by law from government interference, such as freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.
149
What is a federal system of government?
A system in which power is shared between national and regional (state or provincial) governments.
150
What is a unitary system of government?
A system where power is centralized in the hands of the national government, with little or no power given to local governments.
151
What is the difference between formal and informal politics?
Formal politics involves official institutions like legislatures and courts, while informal politics includes non-institutional interactions like lobbying or protests.
152
What is the political system of the United Kingdom (UK)?
The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch has a ceremonial role, and the prime minister is the head of government.
153
What is the UK's political structure?
The UK has a unitary system with a bicameral legislature (House of Commons and House of Lords) and a central government.
154
What is the role of the Prime Minister in the UK?
The prime minister is the head of government, leader of the majority party in the House of Commons, and responsible for running the government.
155
What is the UK's political party system?
The UK has a multi-party system, with the Conservative Party and the Labour Party being the major parties.
156
How is the UK’s electoral system structured?
The UK uses a first-past-the-post (FPTP) system, where the candidate with the most votes in a district wins the seat.
157
What is the political system of Russia?
Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic with a strong executive, where the president holds significant power, and the prime minister leads the government.
158
What is the role of the president in Russia?
The president holds considerable executive power, is the head of state, and controls foreign policy and defense.
159
What is the structure of the Russian government?
Russia has a federal system with a bicameral legislature: the State Duma (lower house) and the Federation Council (upper house).
160
What is the party system in Russia?
Russia has a dominant-party system, with the United Russia party being the major political force, though other smaller parties exist.
161
How are elections conducted in Russia?
Russia uses a mixed electoral system with both FPTP and proportional representation elements for legislative elections.
162
What is the political system of China?
China is a single-party communist state with a centralized, authoritarian system controlled by the Communist Party of China (CPC).
163
What is the role of the Communist Party in China?
The Communist Party controls all aspects of government and society, with no competitive elections or political opposition.
164
What is China’s government structure?
China has a unitary system with a central government and a National People’s Congress (NPC) as the country’s legislature.
165
How is the Chinese leader chosen?
The President of China is elected by the National People’s Congress, but in practice, the General Secretary of the Communist Party is the most powerful figure.
166
What type of economy does China have?
China has a socialist market economy, combining elements of state control and market capitalism.
167
What is the political system of Mexico?
Mexico is a federal republic with a presidential system, where the president is both head of state and head of government.
168
How is the Mexican political system structured?
Mexico has a federal system with a bicameral legislature: the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
169
What is the role of the president in Mexico?
The president has significant power in Mexico, controlling the executive branch and the military, and shaping domestic and foreign policy.
170
What is Mexico’s political party system?
Mexico has a multi-party system with three major parties: the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the National Action Party (PAN), and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).
171
What electoral system does Mexico use?
Mexico uses a mixed electoral system combining FPTP and proportional representation for legislative elections.
172
What is the political system of Iran?
Iran is a theocratic republic with a mixed political system, where the supreme leader holds ultimate authority, and the president manages day-to-day affairs.
173
What is the role of the Supreme Leader in Iran?
The Supreme Leader is the highest authority in Iran, overseeing all branches of government, including the military and judiciary.
174
How is the Iranian government structured?
Iran has a theocratic government with a mixed electoral system, featuring an Islamic Republic system, a president, and a parliament (Majles).
175
What is the role of the president in Iran?
The president is the head of government, responsible for domestic policy, but is subordinate to the Supreme Leader on many matters.
176
How is the Iranian political system different from secular democracies?
Iran combines Islamic law (Sharia) with democratic elements, and the supreme religious leader holds more power than elected officials.
177
What is the political system of Nigeria?
Nigeria is a federal republic with a presidential system, where the president is both head of state and head of government.
178
What is the role of the president in Nigeria?
The president holds executive power, controls the military, and influences domestic and foreign policy in Nigeria.
179
How is the Nigerian government structured?
Nigeria has a federal system with a bicameral legislature: the National Assembly (Senate and House of Representatives).
180
What is the party system in Nigeria?
Nigeria has a multi-party system, with the two main parties being the All Progressives Congress (APC) and the People's Democratic Party (PDP).
181
What type of elections does Nigeria use?
Nigeria uses a FPTP system for presidential elections and a mixed system for legislative elections.
182
What is a political ideology?
A set of beliefs about the proper role of government and politics, including ideas about freedom, equality, and justice.
183
What is liberalism as a political ideology?
Liberalism emphasizes individual liberties, democracy, free markets, and limited government intervention in the economy.
184
What is conservatism as a political ideology?
Conservatism emphasizes tradition, social stability, and a limited role for government, often prioritizing the preservation of social order.
185
What is socialism as a political ideology?
Socialism advocates for social ownership of the means of production and a more equitable distribution of wealth.
186
What is communism as a political ideology?
Communism aims to create a classless society where all property is owned collectively, and the government has total control over the economy.
187
What is the difference between socialism and communism?
Socialism allows for some private ownership, while communism seeks complete abolition of private property and full government control.
188
What is the concept of 'civil rights'?
Civil rights are protections from discrimination and the right to participate fully in the political and social life of a society.
189
What are the 'rule of law' and its significance?
The rule of law means that everyone, including government officials, is subject to the law. It's vital for ensuring justice and fairness.
190
What is the concept of 'political legitimacy'?
Political legitimacy is the recognition that a government has the right to rule, often through fair elections or historical precedent.
191
What is the difference between devolution and decentralization?
Devolution refers to the transfer of powers from central to regional governments, while decentralization involves redistributing power within a government system.
192
What is the concept of 'separation of powers'?
Separation of powers divides government into branches (executive, legislative, and judicial) to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.
193
What is the role of political parties in a democracy?
Political parties organize around shared ideologies and policies, compete in elections, and help structure political choices.
194
Q: What is a legislature?
A: The branch of government responsible for making laws, typically composed of elected representatives.
195
Q: What is bicameralism?
A: A legislature that has two chambers, such as a House of Representatives and a Senate.
196
Q: What is a unicameral legislature?
A: A legislature with a single chamber or house.
197
Q: What is a referendum?
A: A vote in which citizens directly approve or reject a proposed law or policy.
198
Q: What is a plebiscite?
A: A direct vote by the public on a particular issue, often related to constitutional changes or major policies.
199
Q: What is a recall election?
A: A special election to remove an elected official from office before the end of their term.
200
What is a political elite?
A small group of individuals who hold significant power, wealth, or influence in a society or government.
201
What is political patronage?
The practice of giving government positions or benefits in exchange for political support.
202
What is a one-party state?
A political system in which only one political party is allowed to hold power.
203
What is a multi-party system?
A political system where multiple political parties compete for power.
204
What is a two-party system?
A political system dominated by two major political parties.
205
What is a coalition government?
A government formed by multiple political parties coming together to form a majority.
206
What is political accountability?
The idea that elected officials are responsible to the people and must justify their actions and decisions.
207
What is political corruption?
The abuse of power by government officials for personal gain.
208
What is clientelism?
A political system where politicians provide material benefits to constituents in exchange for political support.
209
What is patron-client politics?
A system where politicians offer benefits or favors to individuals in exchange for political loyalty.
210
What is a welfare state?
A government system that provides social services, like healthcare, education, and pensions, to citizens.
211
What is neoliberalism?
An economic policy that favors free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduced government intervention in the economy.
212
What is populism?
A political ideology that advocates for the interests and rights of ordinary people, often against elites or established institutions.
213
What is a military regime?
A government run by the military, often following a coup.
214
What is a rentier state?
A state that derives a significant portion of its revenue from the rent of natural resources or foreign investments.
215
What is a failed state?
A state with weak institutions, unable to provide basic services, maintain order, or protect citizens.
216
What is a democracy index?
A measure of the state of democracy in a country, often based on factors like political participation, civil liberties, and government functioning.
217
What is a political system's legitimacy?
The general belief that the government has the right to rule and is accepted by the people.
218
What is the role of elections in a democracy?
Elections allow citizens to choose their representatives, hold leaders accountable, and express their preferences.
219
What is suffrage?
The right to vote in political elections.
220
What is a political party platform?
A set of policies or goals a political party promotes during an election.
221
What is party discipline?
The degree to which party members support their party's policies and positions.
222
What is electoral fraud?
Illegal interference with the election process, such as vote tampering or voter suppression.
223
What is the role of political ideologies in a democracy?
Political ideologies help define political parties and their goals, shaping political debates and policy outcomes.
224
What is federalism?
A system of government where power is divided between a central government and regional governments.
225
What is devolution?
The transfer of powers from a central government to local or regional governments.
226
What is a social movement?
A collective effort by a group of people to bring about social or political change.
227
What is civil disobedience?
A form of protest where individuals deliberately break the law to highlight injustice or push for change.
228
What is a lobby group?
A group that tries to influence government policy and decision-making, typically on behalf of a specific interest.
229
What is a political revolution?
A significant change in political power or organizational structures, often involving the overthrow of the existing government.
230
What is the role of the executive in a parliamentary system?
The executive, often led by a prime minister, is drawn from and accountable to the legislature.
231
What is the role of the executive in a presidential system?
The executive, led by the president, is separate from and often checks the power of the legislature.
232
What is the political concept of "separation of church and state"?
The principle that religion should not interfere with government, and vice versa.
233
What is a civil society organization (CSO)?
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate to promote various social, political, and economic goals.
234
What is political polarization?
The growing ideological distance and division between political parties or groups within a society.
235
What is a majoritarian system?
An electoral system that requires candidates to win a majority of votes to secure election.
236
What is a proportional representation system?
An electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.
237
What is the concept of "checks and balances"?
A system in which different branches of government can limit each other's powers to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
238
What is a referendum?
A direct vote by the electorate on a specific issue, typically involving constitutional or policy changes.
239
What is the difference between a parliamentary and a presidential system?
In a parliamentary system, the executive is drawn from the legislature; in a presidential system, the executive is elected separately.
240
What is the role of the judiciary in a democracy?
The judiciary interprets the law and ensures that laws are applied fairly and justly, often through judicial review.
241
What is judicial activism?
When judges interpret laws or the constitution in ways that go beyond the literal text, often in pursuit of social or political change.
242
What is judicial restraint?
The principle that judges should limit their own power, deferring to the elected branches of government.
243
What is a constitution?
A foundational legal document that defines the structure, powers, and limits of government.
244
What is political participation?
The ways in which individuals engage with and influence political processes, such as voting, protests, or contacting representatives.
245
What is the concept of "representative democracy"?
A form of democracy where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, rather than voting on laws directly.
246
What is the difference between formal and informal politics?
Formal politics involves official institutions like legislatures and courts, while informal politics includes non-institutional interactions like lobbying or protests.
247
What is the political system of the United Kingdom (UK)?
The UK is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch has a ceremonial role, and the prime minister is the head of government.
248
What is the UK's political structure?
The UK has a unitary system with a bicameral legislature (House of Commons and House of Lords) and a central government.
249
What is the role of the Prime Minister in the UK?
The prime minister is the head of government, leader of the majority party in the House of Commons, and responsible for running the government.
250
What is the political system of Russia?
Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic with a strong executive, where the president holds significant power, and the prime minister leads the government.
251
What is the political system of China?
China is a single-party communist state with a centralized, authoritarian system controlled by the Communist Party of China (CPC).
252
What type of economy does China have? |
China has a socialist market economy blending state control with market capitalism.
253
What is Mexico’s political system? |
Mexico is a federal republic with a presidential system where the president is both head of state and head of government.
254
How is Mexico’s government structured? |
Mexico has a federal system with a bicameral legislature: the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
255
What is the role of Mexico’s president? |
The president controls the executive branch the military
256
What is Mexico’s party system? |
Mexico has a multi-party system with major parties including PRI
257
What electoral system does Mexico use? |
Mexico uses a mixed system combining FPTP and proportional representation for legislative elections.
258
What is Iran’s political system? |
Iran is a theocratic republic where the Supreme Leader holds ultimate authority and the president manages daily governance.
259
What is the role of the Supreme Leader? |
The Supreme Leader oversees all branches of government including the military and judiciary.
260
How is Iran’s government structured? |
Iran has a theocratic system with a president a parliament (Majles)
261
What is Nigeria’s political system? |
Nigeria is a federal republic with a presidential system where the president is both head of state and head of government.
262
What is the role of the Nigerian president? |
The president holds executive power controls the military
263
How is Nigeria’s government structured? |
Nigeria has a federal system with a bicameral legislature: the National Assembly (Senate and House of Representatives).
264
What is Nigeria’s party system? |
Nigeria has a multi-party system with the two main parties being the APC and PDP.
265
What type of elections does Nigeria use? |
Nigeria uses FPTP for presidential elections and a mixed system for legislative elections.
266
What is a political ideology? |
A set of beliefs about the proper role of government and politics including freedom
267
What is liberalism? |
A political ideology that emphasizes individual liberties democracy
268
What is conservatism? |
A political ideology that values tradition social stability
269
What is socialism? |
A political ideology advocating for social ownership of production and equitable wealth distribution.
270
What is communism? |
A political ideology aiming for a classless society with collective ownership and government control over the economy.
271
What is the difference between socialism and communism? | Socialism allows some private ownership
while communism seeks total abolition of private property.
272
What is civil rights? | Protections from discrimination and the right to participate fully in society.
273
What is the rule of law? | The principle that everyone
including the government
274
What is political legitimacy? | The recognition that a government has the right to rule
often through fair elections or historical precedent.
275
What is devolution? | The transfer of powers from a central government to regional governments.
276
What is decentralization? | The redistribution of power within a government system.
277
What is separation of powers? | The division of government into branches to prevent excessive concentration of power.
278
What is the role of political parties? | To organize around shared ideologies
compete in elections
279
What are interest groups? | Organizations that seek to influence public policy based on their specific concerns.
280
What is political culture? | The shared beliefs
values
281
What is voting behavior? | The patterns of how citizens vote
reflecting public opinion and influencing government policies.
282
What is political socialization? | The process by which individuals learn political beliefs through family
education
283
What is the difference between direct and indirect democracy? | Direct democracy allows citizens to vote on laws
while indirect democracy relies on elected representatives.
284
What is the political spectrum? | A range categorizing ideologies from left-wing to right-wing based on economic and social views.
285
What is political polarization? | The growing ideological divide between political parties or groups
leading to reduced cooperation.
286
What is the role of the media in politics? | Informing the public
shaping opinions
287
What is pluralism? | The idea that political power is dispersed among many competing groups.
288
What is elitism? | The belief that a small
privileged group holds disproportionate power in society.
289
What is democratic consolidation? | The process of solidifying democratic institutions to ensure long-term stability.
290
What is a welfare state? | A government that provides social services like healthcare
education
291
What is neoliberalism? | An economic philosophy advocating for free markets
privatization
292
What is a mixed economy? | An economic system combining private enterprise with government regulation.
293
What is the role of bureaucracy in government? | Implementing and enforcing government policies through specialized officials.
294
What is patronage? | The practice of giving political supporters government jobs or favors.
295
What is neocolonialism? | The continued influence of former colonial powers over independent nations through economic or political means.
296
What is economic globalization? | The increasing interdependence of economies worldwide through trade and investment.
297
What is the difference between a welfare state and a market economy? | A welfare state provides extensive social services
while a market economy emphasizes private enterprise.
298
What is globalization of democracy? | The spread of democratic values and institutions across the world.
299
What is authoritarianism? | A political system with centralized power and limited political freedoms.
300
What is transparency in government? | Openness in government processes to allow public accountability.
301
What is a rentier state? | A country that relies heavily on income from natural resources rather than taxation.
302
What is political participation? | Activities such as voting
protesting
303
What are civil society organizations? | Non-governmental groups that represent citizens' interests and advocate for social issues.
304
What is collective action? | When individuals unite to achieve a common political goal.
305
What is the role of NGOs? | Non-profit organizations addressing issues like human rights
health
306
What is a single-party system? | A system where only one political party is allowed to hold power.
307
What is a multi-party system? | A system where multiple political parties compete for power.
308
What is democratic backsliding? | The decline of democratic institutions
often marked by weakened checks and balances.
309
What is judicial review? | The power of courts to determine whether laws or government actions are constitutional.
310
311
How is the Chinese leader chosen? | The President is elected by the National People’s Congress
but the General Secretary of the Communist Party holds the most power.
312
What type of economy does China have? | China has a socialist market economy
blending state control with market capitalism.
313
What is Mexico’s political system? |
Mexico is a federal republic with a presidential system where the president is both head of state and head of government.
314
How is Mexico’s government structured? |
Mexico has a federal system with a bicameral legislature: the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
315
What is the role of Mexico’s president? |
The president controls the executive branch the military
316
What is Mexico’s party system? |
Mexico has a multi-party system with major parties including PRI
317
What electoral system does Mexico use? |
Mexico uses a mixed system combining FPTP and proportional representation for legislative elections.
318
What is Iran’s political system? |
Iran is a theocratic republic where the Supreme Leader holds ultimate authority and the president manages daily governance.
319
What is the role of the Supreme Leader? |
The Supreme Leader oversees all branches of government including the military and judiciary.
320
How is Iran’s government structured? |
Iran has a theocratic system with a president a parliament (Majles)
321
What is Nigeria’s political system? |
Nigeria is a federal republic with a presidential system where the president is both head of state and head of government.
322
What is the role of the Nigerian president? |
The president holds executive power controls the military
323
How is Nigeria’s government structured? |
Nigeria has a federal system with a bicameral legislature: the National Assembly (Senate and House of Representatives).
324
What is Nigeria’s party system? |
Nigeria has a multi-party system with the two main parties being the APC and PDP.
325
What type of elections does Nigeria use? |
Nigeria uses FPTP for presidential elections and a mixed system for legislative elections.
326
What is a political ideology? |
A set of beliefs about the proper role of government and politics including freedom
327
What is liberalism? |
A political ideology that emphasizes individual liberties democracy
328
What is conservatism? |
A political ideology that values tradition social stability
329
What is socialism? |
A political ideology advocating for social ownership of production and equitable wealth distribution.
330
What is communism? |
A political ideology aiming for a classless society with collective ownership and government control over the economy.
331
What is the difference between socialism and communism? |
Socialism allows some private ownership while communism seeks total abolition of private property.
332
What are civil rights? |
Protections from discrimination and the right to participate fully in society.
333
What is the rule of law? |
The principle that everyone including the government
334
What is political legitimacy? |
The recognition that a government has the right to rule often through fair elections or historical precedent.
335
What is devolution? |
The transfer of powers from a central government to regional governments.
336
What is separation of powers? |
The division of government into branches to prevent excessive concentration of power.
337
What is the role of political parties? |
To organize around shared ideologies compete in elections
338
What are interest groups? |
Organizations that seek to influence public policy based on their specific concerns.
339
What is political socialization? |
The process by which individuals learn political beliefs through family education
340
What is political polarization? |
The growing ideological divide between political parties or groups leading to reduced cooperation.
341
What is the role of the media in politics? |
Informing the public shaping opinions
342
What is pluralism? |
The idea that political power is dispersed among many competing groups.
343
What is elitism? |
The belief that a small privileged group holds disproportionate power in society.
344
What is a welfare state? |
A government that provides social services like healthcare education
345
What is neoliberalism? |
An economic philosophy advocating for free markets privatization
346
What is a mixed economy? |
An economic system combining private enterprise with government regulation.
347
What is the role of bureaucracy in government? |
Implementing and enforcing government policies through specialized officials.
348
What is neocolonialism? |
The continued influence of former colonial powers over independent nations through economic or political means.
349
What is globalization of democracy? |
The spread of democratic values and institutions across the world.
350
What is authoritarianism? |
A political system with centralized power and limited political freedoms.
351
What is transparency in government? |
Openness in government processes to allow public accountability.
352
What is political participation? |
Activities such as voting protesting
353
What is a single-party system? |
A system where only one political party is allowed to hold power.
354
What is a multi-party system? |
A system where multiple political parties compete for power.
355
What is judicial review? |
The power of courts to determine whether laws or government actions are constitutional.
