comp review

Question 1

occurrence of dz clearly in excess of normal expectancy with community

period clearly defined

Answer 1

epidemic

Question 2

outbreak

Answer 2

epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease.

Question 3

endemic

Answer 3

constant presence of a disease within a given area of population in excess of normal levels in other areas

Question 4

emergency of international concern

Answer 4

an epidemic that alerts the world to the need for high vigilance

Question 5

pandemic

Answer 5

world wide global impact

Question 6

incident density

Answer 6

incidence rate when summed over multiple time periods

Question 7

prevalence

Answer 7

widespread in a particular area or at a particular time

prevalence at a given point in time

Question 8

period prevalence

Answer 8

prevalence over a given period of time

Question 9

# of Persons with Disease / 
# of Persons in Population

Answer 9

crude morbidity rate

Question 10

# of Deaths (all causes) / 
# of Persons in Population

Answer 10

crude mortality rate

Question 11

Cause-Specific Morbidity Rate?

Answer 11

# of Persons with cause-specific disease / 
# of Persons in Population

Question 12

Case-Fatality Rate?

Answer 12

# of Cause-Specific Deaths /
 # of Cases of Disease

Question 13

What is a Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR)

Answer 13

# of Cause-Specific Deaths /
 total # of Deaths in Population

Question 14

Live Birth-Rate

Answer 14

# of Live Births / 
1000 Population

Question 15

# of Live Births / 
1000 women of childbearing age

Answer 15

fertility rate

Question 16

Neonatal Mortality Rate?

Answer 16

# of deaths in those <28 days of age / 
1000 live births

Question 17

\_\_\_\_ is the ability to invade a patient (host) 
# infected /
# susceptable (at risk)

Answer 17

infectivity

Question 18

___ is the ability to cause clinical disease.

Answer 18

Pathogenicity

Question 19

__ is the ability to cause death.

Answer 19

virulence

Question 20

risk

Answer 20

Risk is a proportion that calculates the probability of outcome.

The Risk of Outcome in the ‘Exposed’ is:

“exposed with disease” / “all exposed”&
The Risk of Outcome in the “Non-exposed” is:
“non-exposed with disease” / “all non-exposed”

Question 21

absolute risk reduction

Answer 21

the risk difference of the outcome attributable to exposure difference between groups.

aka attributable risk

Question 22

________ is the ARR compared with the Risk of the exposed.

Example:

If Risk is 40.9% in the treatment group and 53.6% in non-treatment group then:

ARR = |40.9% - 53.6%| = 12.7%

RRR = 12.7% / 53.6% = 23.7%

Answer 22

relative risk reduction

Question 23

Number Needed to Treat (NNT) / Number Needed to Harm (NNH)?

Answer 23

The NNT is the number of patients needed to be treated to receive the stated benefit/harm.

Question 24

ratios

Answer 24

All ratios (RR, OR, HR) compare 2 groups and describe the likelihood of outcome in 1 group compared to another.

Question 25

What are the 6 core functions of epidemiology?

Answer 25

``` Public health surveillance Field investigation Analytic studies Evaluation Linkages Policy development ```

Question 26

How are Confidence Intervals for Ratios interpreted?

Answer 26

If both values of the CI for a Ratio is on the same side of 1.0, it is always statistically significant.

Question 27

What are the 3 required elements in interpretting Odds Ratios?

Answer 27

3 Required Elements: The comparison group Percentage/times more/less likely Compared to reference group.

Question 28

Confounding

Answer 28

If there is a lack of apparent comparability, what type of bias can that cause?

Question 29

Before declaring a real or true association, what 3 aspects do epidemiologists evaluate and what kind of validity are they evaluating?

Answer 29

Confounding or Effect Modificaiton Bias Statistical significance.

Question 30

bias

Answer 30

systematic error in study design or conduct leading to erroneous results

Question 31

what 3 things can bias impact

Answer 31

Bias can impact: Source/type Magnitude/strength Direction

Question 32

Individuals alter/modify their behavior because they are part of a study and know they are under observation.

Answer 32

hawthorne effect

Question 33

error in classifying the disease, exposure status, or both

Answer 33

misclassification bias

Question 34

how control for bias

Answer 34

blinding/ masking randomly allocate observers use multiple sources to gather all info

Question 35

artifactual associations?

Answer 35

Can arise from Bias and/or Confounding.

Question 36

What is Risk Ratio (a.k.a. Relative Risk)?

Answer 36

Risk Ratio or Relative Risk is the ratio of the Risks from 2 different groups. risk of outcome in exposed / risk of outcome in non-exposed

Question 37

Odds Ratio?

Answer 37

Odds Ratio - Ratio of the odds from 2 different groups. | Odds of Exposure in Diseased / Odds of Exposure in Non-Diseased or A/C) / (B/D

Question 38

A 3rd variable that distorts an association between the exposure and outcome.

Answer 38

confounding

Question 39

What does a quantitative study design use to represent data?

Answer 39

numbers

Question 40

What does a qualitative study design use to represent data?

Answer 40

words

Question 41

interventional studies?

Answer 41

- "experimental" - Researcher-forced group allocation - Investigator selects interventions - Can demonstrate causation. AKA: clinical trial, clinical study, experimental study, human study, investigation study.

Question 42

observational studies?

Answer 42

-Considered "natural" -Researchers "observe" subject-elements -Most observational study designs not able to prove causation. No researcher-forced group allocation.

Question 43

A research perspective that states there will be NO (true) difference between the groups compared.

Answer 43

null hypothesis

Question 44

Research Hypothesis - Statistical-Perspectives Superiority Noninferiority Equivalence

Answer 44

3 statistical-perspectives that can be taken by a researcher?

Question 45

2 types of error in inaccurately accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis?

Answer 45

Type I - False positive. | Type II - False negative.

Question 46

4 key principles of bioethics?

Answer 46

Autonomy Beneficence Justice Nonmaleficence

Question 47

beneficence.

Answer 47

To benefit, or do good for, the patient

Question 48

justice

Answer 48

Equal & fair treatment regardless of patient characteristics

Question 49

nonmaleficence.

Answer 49

Do no harm.

Question 50

autonomy

Answer 50

Have full and complete understanding of risks and benefits.

Question 51

``` Attributes: Order/Magnitude Consistency of scale / equal distances Rational absolute zero Each attribute is assessed with a "Yes" or "No," 'does the variable have it?' ```

Answer 51

3 key attributes of data that define their level or grouping, and how are they assessed?