Companion Animal Therapeutics Flashcards
(317 cards)
1
Q
CaniLeish vacc (Virbac)
A
- Leishmaniasis (canine)
- Reduces risk of infection by promoting cell-mediated immunity
- Give to healthy seronegative dogs when at high risk
2
Q
Eurican Herpes 205 (Boeringer)
A
- Canine herpes virus
- Pregnant bitches -> passive protection for puppies in first few days of life - Ab
- 1st = 7 - 10 d after mating date
- 2nd = 1 - 2 w before expected whelping
3
Q
Milbemycin oxime, moxidectin, selamectin (Stronghold)
A
- Macrocyclic lactones (3-ML, clear)
- Endoparasites
- Ectoparasiticide
- Angiostrongylosis
4
Q
Fenbendazole (Panacur), febantel
A
- Benzimidazoles
- Endoparasites - roundworms, e.g. angiostrongylus vasorum; protozoa - giardia
5
Q
Praziquantel (Droncit/Drontal)
A
- Dipylidium tapeworm (endoparasite)
6
Q
Phenypyrazole (fipronil)
A
- Ectoparasiticide
7
Q
Imidaclopride / nitenpyram
A
- Ectoparasiticide
- Angiostrongylosis
8
Q
Pyrethroids (nitenpyram)
A
- Ectoparasiticide
9
Q
Amitraz
A
- Ectoparasiticide
- Demodex
10
Q
Isoxazolines (Advocate, Advantage, Bravecto)
A
- Ectoparasiticide - treats most apart from tapeworms + ticks
11
Q
Acaricide
A
- Mites + ticks
12
Q
Insecticides
A
- Insects
13
Q
Methoprene
A
- Juvenile hormone analogue, growth regulator
- Against ectoparasites
14
Q
Lufenuron
A
- Insect development inhibitor, growth regulator
15
Q
Delmadinone acetate (Tardak)
A
- Progestogen (synthetic analogue of P4)
- Temporary heat postponement
- Not licensed for use in females
- Male dogs - hypersexuality, prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
16
Q
Megestrol acetate (Ovarid)
A
- Progestogen (synthetic analogue of P4)
- Short-acting
- Temporary postponement of heat (start just before pro-oestrus)
- No longer licensed, may become again
- SE: steroid effect, good for Tx of pruritis, but if e.g. cat in dioestrus pot -> CEH pyo (P4 -> inc thickness of uterus, secretions, glandular secretions); P4 -> insulin resistance -> diabetes mellitus
17
Q
Proligestone (Delvosteron)
A
- Cats, dogs, ferrets
- Progestogen (synthetic analogue of P4) - temporary heat postponement, only drug licensed
- Repeat injections in anoestrus/dioestrus
- Single injection in anoestrus/dioestrus
- Single injection at onset of pro-oestrus
- Not licensed in breeding male dog/cat
18
Q
Milbolerone
A
- Synthetic androgen analogue (-ive feedback on HPG axis, tissues less responsive to E2)
- Prolonged oestrus postponement
- Unlicensed
19
Q
Testosterone (Durateston)
A
- Androgen (-ive feedback on HPG axis, tissues less responsive to E2)
- Prolonged estrus postponement
- Not available in UK
- Dec spermatozoa + spermatozoal motility
- SE: prostatic hypertrophy; not licensed for use for control of breeding in males
20
Q
Nandrolone
A
- Androgen (-ive feedback on HPG axis, tissues less responsive to E2)
- Prolonged oestrus postponement
- Licensed for CRF in cats
- SE: Masculising e.g. mounting behaviour, endometrial atrophy
21
Q
Deslorelin (Suprelorin implant)
A
- GnRH agonist (desensitises GnRH receptors in anterior pit gland, dec LH + FSH production)
- Prolonged oestrus postponement / delayed onset of oestrus in bitches
- Licensed for use in prepubertal female dogs only (implant admin between 12 - 16 w/o), induced temporary infertility to delay first oestrus, initial dose causes surge of pit hormone release, may inc fertility until down-regulation occurs
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) - dec FSH + LH -> dec testosterone -> smaller prostate
- Castration implant: slow release, long-acting implant; causes initial 14 d testosterone surge, then levels dec, infertility after 6 - 8 w implantation, lasts up to 6 - 12 m, longer in lighter dogs
- Induces infertility in male + female ferrets (only licensed in ferrets)
- Ovarian cysts - guinea pigs
- Oestrogen-induced mammary carcinomas - rats
- Egg-laying disorders (egg binding) - birds
- Ovarian agenesis Dx (absence of oestrus) - test E2 levels to see if inc if ovarian tissue present
- Induces oestrus; follicular cysts to induce ovulation
22
Q
Aglepristone (Alizin)
A
- Dog, cat, rabbit
- Misalliance/preg termination
- Anti-progestogen (synthetic steroid), acts on uterus - main licensed drug
- Competes w/ P4 at receptor level, strong affinity for receptors in uterus, true competitor of any agonists
- Bitch: 2 doses 24 h apart from d 1 to d 45 after mating
- Queen: 2 doses 24 h apart early after mating give better results (off-license)
- Give in dioestrus - check vag cyto to make sure not too early
- Expensive
- Induction of parturition (un-licensed)
23
Q
Oestadiol benzoate (Mesalin)
A
- Synthetic oestrogen - changes biochemical environment, affects transit time of zygote in ovduct, direct embryotoxic effects, early in preg (3 - 5 d post mating)
- Preg termination, no longer licensed
- SE: BM suppression, CEH, pyometra
- Cheaper
- Use Alizin
24
Q
Prostaglandin (PGF2/PGF2a) (Dinoprost)
A
- Misalliance/preg termination (more common in mixed/FA)
- Lyse CL (but in dog, CL resistant to effects), cause uterine contractions (acts on ovaries)
- Serious SE if CVR disease present
- Not licensed for use in cats/dogs in UK
- PGF2-alpha may be used in for medical management of pyo
- Induction of parturition (un-licensed)
25
Cabergoline (Galastop)
- Misalliance/preg termination / abscence of oestrus, luteal ovarian cysts
- Inhibits prolactin production (prolactin maintains CL) -> luteolysis of CL at pit gland -> induces oestrus, bitch starts cycling again
- SE: transient hypotension
- Used in combo w/ PGF2a
- Pseudopregnancies - dopamine agonist - suppresses prolactin, when see more of clinical signs
26
Oxytocin
- Induction of parturition (un-licensed) (non-obstructive medical management) - rapid onset (minutes)
- Stimulation of uterine contraction to facilitate parturition in presence of fully dilated cervix
- Promote involution of post-parturient uterus + aid passage of retained placenta
- Aid control of post-partum haemorrhage
- Spastic, uncoordinated contractions of uterus if oxytocin admin rapid/high dose, delay parturition
- Control of post-partum haemorrhage
- Management of uterine prolapse (after replacement)
27
Nitroglycerine
- Induction of parturition (un-licensed)
- Softens cervix
28
Improvac
- GnRH agonist - suppresses FSH + LH (desensitises receptors to GnRH) preventing ovulation + sperm production
- Females only
- Hoofstock only
- Require course of primary vaccinations 4 - 6 w apart, then repeat injection every 4 m; considered effective 4 w after second primary injection
- [Pig castration - induces antibodies against GnRH to produce a temporary immunological suppression of testicular function, removes boar taint]
29
Permethrin
- Growth regulator, ectoparasiticide
30
Calcium gluconate
- Non-obstructive dystocia
- Induces uterine contractions
- Hypocalcaemia (peri-parturient disease) - eclampsia, puerperal tetany
31
Dextrose solution
- Non-obstructive dystocia, shortens parturition
- Hypoglycaemia (peri-parturient disease)
32
Doxapram
- NSAID
- Stimulation of respiration in neonates, dystocia
- Not used anymore
33
Amoxicillin
- Penicillin
- IV AB therapy for fading puppy/kitten syndrome
- (+ Calvulanic acid, beta-lactamase inhibitor)
- Acute disease/during leptopspiraemia (canine leptospirosis)
- Suspected parvovirus, if neutropoenic
- Acute D+ + systemic signs
- Mastitis
34
Cephalexin
- Cephalosporin - IV AB therapy for fading puppy/kitten syndrome
- Neonatal septicaemia
- Acute D+ w/ systemic signs indicating risk of bacteraemia/sepsis
35
Enrofloxacin (Baytril)
- AB (fluroquinolone)
- Neonatal septicaemia
36
L-tryptophan, L-theanine
- Nutraceutical - target affected neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine)
- Stress management
37
Fluoxetine, Alprazolam, Selegiline
- Stop nutraceuticals
- Target affected neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, GABA)
- Stress management
38
Doxycycline
- Chronic renal carrier state of Canine Leptospirosis
39
Itraconazole
- Oral antifungal
- Aspergillosis
40
Clindamycin
- Toxoplasma gondii
41
Pimobendan
- Dilates blood vv -> strengthens heart's ability to contract
- Congestive heart failure (dilated cardiomyopathy/valvular insufficiency)
- Inodilator - positive inotropic effect + vasodilatory action -> dec cardiac preload + afterload
- Phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitor - can inc intracellular Ca^2+ + myocardial oxygenation
- Direct action on heart may be reduced in dogs w/ heart disease
- Vasodilation occurs by activity at periphery
- Mitral valve disease, pre-clinical DCM + CHF secondary to DCM
(Give w/ furosemide)
42
Furosemide
- Tx of fluid retention (oedema) + swelling due to CHF -> inc flow of urine in kidneys
- Loop diuretic, inhibits Na^+/K^+/Cl^- transporters
- Loss of Na^+/K^+/Cl^- + water in urine, excretion of Ca^2+/Mg^2+/H^+ increased
- Rapid onset effect (10 min after IV), short duration of action
- Renal failure
43
Famciclovir
- Antiviral prodrug
- V expensive
- FHV-1 keratitis; corneal sequestrum
- Expensive
- Cat flu (FHV - mainly, DNA virus)
44
Remdesivir and GS-441524
- Antiviral
- FIP
- Remdesivir = 10 mg/mL
- GS-441524 = 50 mg tablets - can be crushed + divided
45
Metronidazole
- AB
- Chronic D+/chronic enteropathy (IBD) (cats - not AB responsive)
- Clostridium perfringens (cat)
- Maybe giardia
- Category D AB - antibiotic responsive diarrhoea
- Bactericidal for Gram +ve / Gram –ve anaerobes
- Inhibits nucleic acid function by preventing DNA repair
- At high doses antiprotozoal – used for Giardia infection
- Appears to modulate the immune system – beneficial in ARD (IBD)
- (Doxycyclines + tetracyclines preferred)
46
Tylosin
- AB
- Chronic D+/chronic enteropathy (IBD) (cats - not AB responsive)
47
Oxytetracycline
- Chronic D+/chronic enteropathy (IBD) (cats - not AB responsive)
48
Rifampicin
- Macrolide AB
- Mycobacterial infection - Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy
49
Clarithromycin
- Macrolide AB
- Mycobacterial infection
50
Ciprofloxacin
- Fluoroquinolone AB
- Mycobacterial infection
51
Ronidazole
- Anti-protozoal
- Tritrichomonas fetus (blagburni) protozoa (cat)
52
Maropitant
- Anti-emetic
- NK1 receptor antagonist
- 24 h action
53
Ondansetron
- Anti-emetic
- Anti-serotonergic (5-HT)
- Prescribing cascade (not licensed in animals, only humans), expensive, third line (when metoclopramide/maropitant not tolerated)
54
Metoclopromide
- Pro-kinetic + anti-emetic
- Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist at CRTZ
- Increases ACh release in upper GI tract
- Useful for preventing gastro-oesophageal reflux & promoting gastric emptying (acts on smooth muscles for contraction), not used for constipation (no effect on lower GIT)
55
Sucralfate
- Gastric protectant
- Mucosal-protectant
- Complex which reacts with stomach acid to form a paste, binds to proteins in ulcers forming protective barrier, stimulates PGE2 secretion
56
Omeprazole
- Gastric protectant
- Acid blocker, go-to drug - highly effective
- Suppresses stomach acid secretion
- Proton pump inhibitor
- GI signs in chronic renal failure
57
Ranitidine
- Gastric protectant
- General effect
- Rabbit - ileus
58
Famotidine
- Gastric protectant
- H2 blocker
- GI signs in chronic renal failure
59
Methadone
- Opioid
- μ Receptor agonist
- Dogs, cats
- 10 - 15 min IV, 20 - 30 min IM onset
- 4 hrs duration
- Strong analgesic
- NMDA antagonist
(Morphine has same effects)
60
Pethidine
- Opioid
- μ Receptor agonist
- Dogs, cats, horses
- <10 min IM onset
- 2 hrs duration
- Moderate analgesic
61
Fentanyl
- Opioid
- μ Agonist
- Dogs
- 1 - 2 min IV onset
- 20 min duration
- Very strong analgesic
62
Buprenorphine
- Opioid
- μ Partial agonist
- Dogs, cats, horses
- 45 - 60 min IM/IV onset
- q 6 - 8 hrs dogs + cats; 12 - - 24 hrs horse duration
- Moderate analgesia
- Can be give PO, e.g. during 1 w of 'wash-out' period of changing NSAIDs
- Breakthrough pain in chronic pain
63
Butorphanol
- Opioid
- μ Agonist / κ agonist
- Dogs, cats, horses
- 5 - 15 min IM/IV onset
- 0.5 - 6 hrs duration
- Mild analgesic - after procedure
- Use more for sedation, cannot top-up
64
Atipamezole
- Alpha-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist
- Licensed reversible of all effects for medetomidine/dexmedetomidine
65
Naloxone
- Opioid reversal
- Overdose
66
Adrenaline
- Stimulation of alpha-1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle -> vasoconstriction -> inc aortic diastolic pressure -> inc coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) + inc cerebral perfusion
- CPA - speeds up heart
- Low dose = 0.01 mg/kg
- High dose = 0.1 mg/kg
67
Atropine
- Inhibits muscarinic actions of Ach on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves + smooth mm. -> inhibition of parasympathetic NS -> inc HR, bronchodilation, dec GI + resp secretions
- CPA - when inc vagal tone (dec HR, dec BP, hyperthermic) = ocular Sx, brachycephalics
- Max two doses in CPR
- Antidote for cholinesterase inhibitors - given to Tx symptoms in surgery, dries up salivation, reverse bronchoconstriction
- Also used for bradyarrhythmia
- Reverses excess vagal activity, Tx for bradyarrhythmia
- Peripheral + central antimuscarinic effects, depresses vagus -> inc HR
- If due to glycoside toxicity, withdraw/reduce dose
- Pacemaker implantation
68
Lidocaine
- Antidysrrhythmic class I
- Block Na^+ channels
- Rapid onset, IV bolus short duration (10-15 min), CRI
- Ventricular tachyarrhythmias dogs, cats, horses
- Cats more sensitive to neurotoxic effects
- Don’t use lidocaine + adrenaline solution in combo - counterproductive (adrenaline speeds up heart)
69
Apomorphine
- Emetic
- Dopamine (D2) agonist
- Stimulates CRTZ
- Dogs
- Dec absorption of toxins/GI decontamination
70
Ropinirole
- Emetic
- Drops into conjunctival sac then wash out eye when want to stop V+
- Dog
- Dec absorption of toxins/GI decontamination
71
Xylazine
- Alpha-2 agonist
- Sedative (high dose)
- Low dose = emetic, dec absorption of toxins/GI decontamination (cat)
72
Dexmedetomidine
- Alpha-2 agonist
- Sedative
- Dec absorption of toxins/GI decontamination (cat)
73
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
- Dec absorption of toxins/GI decontamination
74
Activated charcoal
- Improves elimination/avoids reabsorption of toxins
- Powder better
- Makes faeces black
75
Lactulose, Sorbitol
- Laxative
- Improves elimination/avoids reabsorption of toxins
- Fermented in the large intestine to acetate and
lactate with consequent osmotic laxative effect.
- Adjusted based on individual response
76
Antivenom
- Antidotes - snakes + spiders
77
Bisphosphonates
- Toxin antidote - VitD3/cholecalciferol
- Chelating agent for heavy metals
78
Fomepizole/ethanol
- Toxin antidote
- Ethylene glycol
79
Vit K1
- Toxin antidote
- Anticoagulant rodenticide
80
Acetylcysteine
- Toxin antidote
- Supports liver
- Paracetamol toxicity
81
Diazepam
- Muscle termor + seizure management
- Mycotoxicosis
82
Methocarbamol
- Muscle relaxant for muscle tremors
- Can be given rectally
- Organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, metaldehyde toxicity
83
Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILE)
- Trap for lipophilic toxins -> dec free substance in circulation
- Organophosphates, carbamates, *permethrin*, macrolytic lactones - ivermectin, marijuana, lidocaine, *NSAIDs*, bromethalin, amphetamine, amlodipine, phenobarbital
- 1.5 mL/kg bolus followed by 0.25 to 0.5 mL/kg/minute constant-rate infusion
84
Mannitol
- Diuretic - inc blood flow to kidneys
- Acute renal failure
- Osmotic diuretic - hyperosmotic agent
- IV over 20 min
- Glaucoma
- (Reduced efficacy in uveitis due to breakdown of blood aq barrier)
85
Atenolol / metoprolol
- Antidysrhythmia class II
- Beta 1-adrenoceptor selective antagonists (beta-blockers)
- Competitive antagonists of noradrenaline + adrenaline, reduce O2 consumption, slow HR and improve filling
- Hypertrophic myopathy in cats
- Avoid in patients w/ CHF
- To dec high BP
86
Propranolol
- Antidysrhythmia class II
- Beta 1 and 2 (mixed) - adrenoceptor antagonist (beta-blockers)
- Competitive antagonists of noradrenaline + adrenaline, reduce O2 consumption, slow HR and improve filling
- Hypertrophic myopathy in cats
- Avoid in patients w/ CHF
- Not used anymore as beta-2 receptors in lungs + is non-selective
87
Sotalol
- Antidysrhythmia class III
- Prolong cardiac action potential through blockade of K^+ channels, inc refractory period in all cardiac tissues
- (+ Has non-selective class II actions)
- Chronic treatment of ventricular + supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
- Avoid in CHF (class II actions)
- Monitor plasma levels
88
Amiodarone
- Antidysrhythmia class III
- Prolong cardiac action potential through blockade of K^+ channels, inc refractory period in all cardiac tissues
- (+ class I, II, IV actions)
- Slow + variable GI absorption, slow onset action
- Variable efficacy, high freq of non-cardiac effects, only use when other agents ineffective
- Monitor plasma levels
89
Diltiazem
- Antidysrhythmia class IV
- Ca^2+ channel blocker - negative inotrope (dec myocardial contractibility), slows conduction in SA + AV nodes, vasodilation -> dec BP
- Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, atrial tachycardia, flutter, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in cats
90
Verapamil
- Antidysrhythmia class IV
- Ca^2+ channel blocker - negative inotrope (dec myocardial contractibility), slows conduction in SA + AV nodes, vasodilation
- Second choice
91
Digoxin
- Antidysrhythmic agent
- Dec HR by reducing freq of SA node firing + inhibiting AV nodal conduction
- Treats atrial fibrillation
- Narrow therapeutic window, may cause excessively low HR
- Cats more sensitive to toxic effects than dogs
92
Pimobendan
- Inodilator - positive inotropic effect + vasodilatory action -> dec cardiac preload + afterload
- Phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitor - can inc intracellular Ca^2+ + myocardial oxygenation
- Direct action on heart may be reduced in dogs w/ heart disease
- Vasodilation occurs by activity at periphery
- Mitral valve disease, preclinical DCM + CHF secondary to DCM
93
Dobutamine
- Inc myocardial contraction - direct acting synthetic catecholamine w/ direct beta-1 adrenergic agonist effects = positive inotropic
- Hypotension during anaesthesia - inc contractibility of heart w/o vasoconstriction, direct beta-1 adrenergic agonist = positive inotrope, increases BP
- Potent + short acting - CRI
- Produces less tachycardia compared to other beta-1 agonists
- Emergencies for acute HF
94
Benazepril / enalapril
- AKA Fortekor
- ACE inhibitors - vasodilation, reduce BP
- Dec proteinuria
- Manage hypertension, CHF, CKD
- Usually combined w/ other drugs
- Hypertensive retinopathy
95
Telmisartan
- Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARBs) -> dec BP
- AKA Semintra (go-to)
- Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
- BID then SID
- Chronic renal failure - hypertension + proteinuria
- Cats
96
Furosemide
- Loop diuretic, inhibits Na^+/K^+/Cl^- transporters
- Loss of Na^+/K^+/Cl^- + water in urine, excretion of Ca^2+/Mg^2+/H^+ increased
- CHF
- Rapid onset effect (10 min after IV), short duration of action
- Diuretic (urinate out extra fluid), alleviates vol overload, IV/CRI
- Oliguric/anuric renal failure
- Acute kidney injury
97
Torasemide
- Loop diuretic, inhibits Na^+/K^+/Cl^- transporters
- Loss of Na^+/K^+/Cl^- + water in urine, excretion of Ca^2+/Mg^2+/H^+ increased
- Longer duration of action (once daily), angry cats
98
Spironolactone
- Diuretic, aldosterone receptor antagonist - binds competitively w/ mineral corticoid receptor in kidneys, heart + blood vv
- K^+ sparing diuretic - dec extracellular vol -> dec cardiac preload + left atrial pressure
- Inhibits aldosterone-mediated fibrosis + remodelling of myocardium + vasculature
- CHF (hypokalemia) + can be combined w/ other drugs
- Feline hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
99
Chlorothiazide / hydrochlorothiazide
- Thiazide diuretics - bind to Cl^- site of distal tubular Na^+/Cl^- co-transport system -> loss of Na^+ + Cl^- in urine
- 2nd/3rd line in end-stage HF (continued use -> disproportionate Cl^- loss -> acid-base disturbances + hypokalaemia
100
Amlodipine
- Calcium channel blockers - in vascular smooth muscle, class IV antidysrhythmic drug
- Anti-hypertensive in cats + dogs
- Gradual onset + slow waning effect, slow binding + dissociation from channel
- Little reflex tachycardia occurrence = safe drug long-term use in hypertension
- Once daily dosage
- One dose every 24 h, can double dose if no response
- Chronic renal failure -> hypertension, Amlodipine causes peripheral vasodilation
- Hypertensive retinopathy
101
Butorphanol / codeine
- Antitussive - dec freq of coughing, painful non-productive/where coughing -> emphysema/inc intracranial pressure (dry cough)
- Suppress medullary cough centre
102
Bromhexine (dembrexine)
- Decongestant / mucolytic - inc secretion of fluid
103
Salbutamol / terbutaline
- Bronchodilator - beta-adrenoceptor agonist -> inc cyclic AMP -> relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles
- Tx of bronchospasm in inflammatory airway disease + irritation in cats + dogs
104
Theophylline
- Bronchodilator - methylxanthine, similar structure to caffeine + theobromine, relaxes smooth muscle + relieves bronchospasm, stimulant effect on respiration
- Dilates coronary aa. + inc strength of contraction of myocardium; acts on kidney to induce diuresis + potent stimulant of CNS
105
Prednisolone / dexamethasone
- Oral glucocorticoids - inhibit transcription of genes responsible for production of mediators convolved in airway inflammation (cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules)
- Manage exacerbations + establish control
106
Beclomethasone / fluticasone
- Inhaler glucocorticoid - inhibit transcription of genes responsible for production of mediators involved in airway inflammation (cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules)
- Maintain patients on inhaled
107
Methylprednisolone
- Prolonged release glucocorticoid steroid
- Useful for cats with asthma
108
Penicillins / cephalosporins
- E.g. Amoxicillin - broad-spectrum, systemic penicillin effective against Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria, inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
- Clavulanate potassium = irreversible inhibitor of bacterial β-lactamases and prevents hydrolysis of amoxicillin
- Streptococcal meningitis (S. suis I)
109
Oxytetracycline / doxycycline
- Tetracycline - inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria - bacteriostatic
- Broad spectrum activity - gram +ive + gram -ive bacteria - Pasteurella, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Staphylococcus aureus (+ other staph spp.) + streptococcus spp.
- Good lung penetration
110
Trimethoprim
- Folate antagonist – bacteriostatic
- Often combined with sulphonamides – ‘TMPS’ - bactericidal
- Combination has broad spectrum of activity, effective against Gram +ve and Gram -ve bacteria, including Streptococci, Staphylocci and Pneumococci spp)
111
Itraconazole (voriconazole / fluconazole)
- Antifungals - belong to azole class of antifungals
- Highly selective binding for fungal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol (essential component of cell membranes for fungi
- Affect membrane-bound enzyme function
and membrane permeability, resulting in structural degeneration of the fungus
112
Diazepam, midazolam
- Benzodiazepines - pre-anaesthetic/sedation + anxiolytic + muscle relaxant
113
Atracurium, vercuronium
- Non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs)
- ACh antagonists, produce motor paralysis, muscles cannot contract
- Reversed using anticholinesterases e.g. neostigmine, pyridostigmine
114
Suxamethonium
- Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), depolarising agent
- ACh receptor agonist - not metabolised by acetylcholinesterase -> end plate cannot repolarise = irreversible
115
Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, antioxidants, EFAs
- Neutraceuticals, arthritis
- Component of cartilage, counter potentially damaging oxidants, weak anti-inflam properties
116
Polymixin B
- Binds to phospholipids in bacterial cytoplasmic mem + disrupts mem
- Bactericidal, G -ive bacteria
- Last resort category, B
117
Beclomethasone
- Anti-fungal
118
Grapiprant
- Non-steroidal, non-cyclooxygenase inhibiting anti-inflammatory drug
- Selective antagonist of the EP4 receptor - important in editing pain + inflammation
119
Pentosan polysulfate sodium (NaPPS)
- Semi-synthetic polymer with anti-inflammatory properties - lameness/DJD pain/OA in dogs
- Reduces metalloproteinases, preserving proteoglycan content and protecting cartilage matrix from degradation
- E.g. Cartrophen
- Duration of effect variable – max 3 courses of 4 injections in 12 months
- Concurrent use with steroids and NSAIDs contraindicated (risk of bleeding due to combined effects on platelet aggregation)
120
Bedinvetmab / frunevetmab
- Anti-NGF monoclonal antibody therapy
- Nerve growth factor (NGF) increases inflammatory mediators and stimulates nociceptors
- Bedinvetmab = a canine monoclonal antibody (mAb)
- Frunevetmab = a felinised mAb targeting NGF
- For long-term management of OA pain (not acute pain)
- Do not use in young animals (under 12 months) – critical role in development – or in pregnant or lactating animals (potentially teratogenic and foetotoxic)
121
Paracetamol
- NSAID with analgesic and antipyretic but weak anti-inflammatory (not long-term)
- MoA not clear - seems to have specific activity for the CNS COX enzyme, COX3 (few GI effects), may also reduce conduction in pain sensory neurones (action through TRPA1 ion channel)
- When NSAIDs cannot be used
- Careful with the dose in dogs – no veterinary product licensed, DO NOT USE IN CATS (do not have enzyme for metabolism)
- Oral w/ codeine
- Dog dose = 10 mg/kg PO (or IV) q 12 h
122
Tramadol
- Centrally acting analgesic with complex, weak opioid
- Mechanism of action involving opioid, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors - reuptake inhibition
- Weak Mu opioid receptor agonist, synthetic analogue of codeine
- Oral - capsules/tablets
- Onset 1 - 4 h
- Management of mild to moderate acute pain + adjunctive analgesic in management of chronic arthritic pain
- Sedation at high doses, dysphoria more likely in cats
- Can be combined with other classes of analgesics - not as effective in dogs due to differences in metabolism - prefer Amantadine
123
Gabapentin / Pregabalin
- Analogue of the neurotransmitter GABA (GABA-A receptors control inhibitory of signalling), treatment of neuropathic pain
- Suppress glutamate + substance P release, interacts w/ neuronal Ca2+ channels, reduced depolarisation of mem of dorsal horn
- Cats - chronic pain
- Oral capsules
- Onset > 3 d
- MoA of its analgesic effect is unknown
- Start with a low dose and increase slowly
- May cause mild sedation and ataxia
Withdraw therapy slowly too (potential for rebound pain shown in humans)
- E.g. Neurontin
124
L-deprenyl (Selegiline)
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, inc noradrenaline and dopamine, neuroprotective functions: improves memory & longevity; anxiety/social withdraw
- Dogs 0.5-1mg/kg PO SID;
- Cats 1mg/kg PO SID (not licensed)
- At least 4 weeks before positive effect may be seen (typically 8 weeks)
- Monoamine oxidase-increased cognitive function disorders
- For cognitive dysfunc
125
Amantadine
- Glutamate + NMDA receptor antagonist, not first-line
- For OA
- Oral - syrup or tablets
- Onset 4 - 6 w
- Excreted by kidneys
- Blocks excitatory signals in the CNS (mechanism similar to ketamine)
- Used in multimodal treatment for progressive moderate-severe OA pain and for pain relief in osteosarcoma - hyperalgesia (central sensitisation)
- Can increase risk of seizures when used in combination with tramadol
- Not first line - not licensed in vet species
126
Sodium levothyroxine - soloxine, thyrforon
- T4 supplement tablet
- Canine hypothyroidism (Addison's), feline hypothyroidism
127
Carbimazole, methimazole, thiamazole
- Thioreylenes - inhibit oxidation of iodide and organification of iodide + coupling of iodothyronines to form T3 + T4
- Anti-thyroid hormone production
- Feline hyperthyroidism
128
Trilostane (Vetoryl)
- Affects production of glucocorticoids, reversibly blocks adrenal synthesis of glucocorticoids (+ mineralocorticoids + sex hormones), dec cortisol
- Risk of iatrogenic hypocortisolaemia (Addison’s due to overdose); unmasking arthritis
- Canine hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s) - canine pit + adrenal-dependent
129
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (Solu-Cortef)
- Balanced glucocorticoid + weak mineralocorticoid action, IVFT
- Canine hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s), acute collapsed
130
Carprofen (Rimadyl)
- NSAID
- Weak inhibitor of COX
- Anti-inflam, analgesic + anti-pyretic
- COX-3 inhibitor (= COX-1 in CNS)
131
Meloxicam
- NSAID
- COX-2 selective
- Dog, cat, horse, cattle, pig, guinea pig
- Can be used preoperatively in small animals
132
Robenacoxib
- NSAID
- Coxib (COX-2 inhibitor)
- Dog, cat
- Can be used preoperatively in small animals, short plasma half-life despite prolonged duration of effect (accumulates in inflammatory exudates)
133
Firocoxib (Previcox)
- NSAID
- Coxib (COX-2 inhibitor)
- Dog, horse
- Can be used preoperatively in dogs but only oral preparation available
134
Mavacoxib (Trocoxil)
- NSAID
- Coxib (COX-2 inhibitor)
- Dog
- Very long plasma half-life permits monthly dosing, but longer-lasting side effects
135
PLT
- Prednisolone = corticosteroid
- Cinchophen = NSAID
- Oral - tablets
- Cheap
- Chronic pain - osteoarthritis
- Not advised - shouldn't mix corticosteroids + NSAIDS
136
Dogs = bedinvetmab (Librela, Zoetis); Cats = frunevetmab (Solensia, Zoetis)
- Anti-NGF (nerve growth factor) monoclonal Ab therapy
- Chronic pain - osteoarthritis
- Sensitises nerves, activating immune/inflam cells, contributes to neuronal sprouting in pain
- Can only be given up to 14 d alongside NSAID, don't give to animals preg, lactating or intended for breeding (NGF affect developing foetuses)
- Only approved for OA
137
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans
- GAGs = provide support + adhesiveness in bone, skin + cartilage
- Chronic pain, OA
- UTI, feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (have lower GAGs)
- Prevent attachment of bacteria, line the mucosa of bladder for protection
- E.g. Cystease food supplement
138
Domperidone
- Anti-emetic in upper GIT, similar MoA to metoclopramide
139
H2O2
- Emetic
- 3% solution oral alternative
- Stimulates CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) at pharynx
140
Cimetidine, *Ranitidine*, Famotidine
- Acid blocker
- Histamine H2 receptor antagonist
- Decreases stomach acid production
- Ranitidine recently licensed + evidence more effective than cimetidine
- Ileus (rabbit)
141
Aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate
- Antacid - acid blocker
- Not easy to administer
- Frequent administration - multiple doses per day for effect, duration 1 - 2 hrs
- Not palatable
142
Misoprostol
- Mucosal-protectant
- Synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue (vasodilation)
- Ulcers caused by NSAIDs
- Can cause abortion
143
Mirtazapine
- Appetite stimulant
- Noradrenaline and serotonergic antagonist with
appetite-stimulant, anti-emetic and anti-nausea effects
- Effects typically seen within 30 minutes
- Trans-dermal ointment - inside pinna, alternate ears when multiple doses
- Cats + dogs
144
Pro-kolin
- Probiotic
- Binds to excess liquid
145
Fenbendazole
- Group 1 anthelmintic, benzimidazole (1-BZ, white)
- Safe for puppies and kittens and lactating bitches/queens
- Wide therapeutic index
- Takes time to work = multiple doses
- Dose puppies/kittens at 2, 5, 8 and 12 weeks of age
146
Triclabendazole
- Group 1 anthelmintic, benzimidazole
- Differs from other benzimidazoles in that it is a narrow-spectrum anthelmintic
- Accumulates in both immature and adult stages of fasciola hepatica
- Only drug effective against early immature fluke i.e. 2 weeks and older, through to adults
147
Closantel and Oxyclozanide
- Group 1 benzimidazole flukicides
- Adult flukes
148
Nitroxynil
- Group 1 benzimidazole flukicide
- Late immature stage
149
Levamisole
- Group 2-LV, yellow, imidazothiazole
- Nicotinic ACh receptor agonist
- Nematode muscles = rapid reversible spastic paralysis
150
Pyrantel
- Group 2-LV, imidazothiazole
- Nicotinic ACh receptor agonist
- Nematode muscles = rapid reversible spastic paralysis
151
Praziquantel
- Narrow-spectrum isoquinoline anthelmintic
- Causes severe damage to parasite integument
- Tapeworms
152
Toltrazuril
- Antiprotozoal agent
- Anticoccidial active against Eimeria spp.
- Affects fine structure of developmental stages of coccidia
153
Amoxicillin
- Beta-lactam penicillin antibiotic
- Bactericidal, time-dependent, broad spectrum
- Primary infections of urogenital tract + lower urinary tract - cats + dogs, ruminants
- Proprietary = Amoxibactin
- Class D
154
Doxycycline
- Tetracycline AB
- Bacteriostatic, time-dependent, broad spectrum
- Rhinitis, bronchopneumonia - cats + dogs (Bordetella spp. + Pasteurella spp. e.g. Kennel cough)
- Proprietary = Doxybactin
- Class D
155
Metronidazole
- Nitroimidazole AB
- Bactericidal, conc-dependent, broad-spectrum, anti-inflammatory effect
- Not licensed in food-producing animals; dogs and cats - gastrointestinal infections due to Giardia spp. and Clostridium spp.
- Proprietary = Metrobactin
- Class D
156
Gentamicin
- Aminoglycoside AB
- Bactericidal, conc-dependent, narrow spectrum (G-)
- Horses systemic - Gram-negative + staphylococcal bacteria in surgically treated colic patients., SA = topical ear infections
- Proprietary name = Otomax
- Class C
- Not safe in rabbits
157
Clindamycin
- Lincosamide antibiotic
- Bacteriostatic, time-dependent, G+, mycoplasma, later generations G-
- Wounds and abscesses, infected mouth cavity, dental + skin infections, cats + dogs
- Proprietary name = Antirobe
- Class C
- Not safe in rabbits
158
Enrofloxacin
- Fluoroquinolone AB
- Bactericidal, conc-dependent, narrow spectrum
- Licensed in exotics (rabbits, rodents, birds + reptiles) e.g. to treat Pseudomonas infection in rabbits, and Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma sp., Staphylococcus sp., E. coli, Salmonella
- Proprietary name = Baytril
- Class B
159
Acepromazine
- Phenothiazine - sedative, vasodilation -> hypotension, anti-arrhythmic, reduced PCV, reduced platelet count + func
- Dopamine receptor antagonist, alpha-1 adrenoceptor (neurotransmission) antagonist, histamine receptor (H1) blockade, antithrombotic
- Hepatic metabolism, renal + biliary excretion
- 30 - 40 min onset
- 6 - 8 hours duration
- IV, IM, PO
160
Medetomidine, dexmedetomidine / detomidine, xylazine / romifidine
- Cats + dogs = medetomidine, dexmedetomidine
- Cattle + horses = detomidine, xylazine
- Horses = romifidine
- Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonism (inhibits release of norepinephrine + some alpha-1 agonism)
- Sedative, analgesia, muscle relaxation, vasoconstriction, dec cardiac output, occasional bradyarrhythmias (also, endocrine e.g. diuresis; emesis; sweating in horses)
- Hepatic metabolism + renal excretion
- 5 min (peak <20 min) onset
- 30 - 180 min duration
- IV, IM, transmucosal
161
Diazepam, midazolam
- Benzodiazepines
- Enhance action of GABA at GABA A receptors in brain + SC
- Hepatic metabolism, renal + biliary excretion (active metabolites)
IV, IM (midazolam only)
- Anxiolysis -> sedation (unreliable), anticonvulsant (but can be pro-convulsant as active metabolites are only partially metabolised), central muscle relaxation, CVS + resp depression
162
Cisapride
- Gastrointestinal prokinetic
- Feline iodiopathic megacolon
- GI stasis - rabbits + herbivorous rodents
163
Propofol
- Injectable anaesthetic
- GABA A receptor agonist 90% metabolised in liver, 10% outside liver in lungs
- Used for induction + maintenance
- Approved in dogs + cats
- Rate of injection - 3 min for plasma conc to reach effect sites in brain - need to inject propofol slowly in order to minimise the adverse effects, if we do it too fast, by the time we’ve put enough propofol in the patient’s blood to make them anaesthetised -> severe adverse effects, aim to give dose calculated over 2 min
164
Alfaxalone
- Steroid anaesthetic/neuroactive steroid (injectable anaesthetic)
- GABA A receptor modulation
- Aqueous solution in cyclodextrins
- Induction + maintenance of anaesthesia
- Approved use intravenously
- Can be used intramuscularly or subcutaneously off licence - good for e.g. aggressive patient, exotics
- [Maintains resp func]
- Licence for use in dogs, cats and rabbits
- Very rapid hepatic metabolism
- Give calculated dose over 60 seconds
- Lasts long time - baroreceptor reflex (8 min), for intubation
165
Ketamine
- Dissociative anaesthetic, very different mechanism of action, injectable
- Aqueous solution
- pH 3.5
- Administered intravenously, intramuscularly or via the oral transmucosal route.
- Approved for use in dogs, cats, cattle, rabbits, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, guinea pigs.
- Dissociative anaesthetic e.g., Tiletamine, commonly used in North America and continental Europe and in wildlife and zoo medicine
- Initial onset of ketamine after injection is relatively slow -> give it as a bolus I.V. all in one go as a dose -> 2 min effect.
- Hepatic metabolism in most species, cat - excreted unchanged in the kidney.
- Norketamine = active metabolite, important if we’re giving prolonged infusions because they know ketamine can build up
166
Thiopental
- Barbiturate, AKA thiopentone, injectable anaesthetic
- Not licensed for use in any species in the UK anymore, only used in certain situations
- Only administered IV - if extravasation -> skin sloughing, presented as aq solution, pH 10, comes as dry powder + add water for injection, once made up, quite stable, store for month w/o bacterial growth
- Eliminated by hepatic + renal metabolism, really slow in any case
- Very slow in sight hounds like greyhounds -> very prolonged recovery
- Very rapid onset time of 20 to 40 seconds after IV injection
167
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMPS)
- Antibiotic - combination
- Bactericidal, time-dependent, broad spectrum
- Infections of URT, urogenital, wound infections in horses
- Proprietary = Equibactin
- Class D
168
Sulfatrim
- AB combo: sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
- GIT, urogenital system, respiratory tract and septicemias caused by Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and protozoa
- Licensed in rabbits = first-line AB
169
Clenbuterol
- Beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonist -> bronchodilation w/ minimum effect on CVS
- Stimulates mucociliary clearance in horses, where airway obstruction to bronchospasm/accumulation of mucus
170
Sodium cromoglycate
- Mast cell stabiliser, inhibits mast cell degranulation of histamine on antigen challenge
- Not for acute use, has no intrinsic activity of bronchial dilation
- Weak anti-inflam, short duration of action; reduces bronchial hyper-reactivity
- Prophylactic therapy for allergic resp disease in horses
171
Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, chlorambucil
- Immunosuppressants
- Co-admin w/ glucocorticoids - steroid sparing to dec steroid dose + effects
- Azathioprine - don't give to cats
- Immune-mediated diseases e.g. IMHA
- Chlorambucil = Chemo, Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
172
Dexamethasone
- Potent corticosteroid and immunosuppressant
- IMHA
- If inappetent
173
Aspirin
- NSAID, antiplatelet
- Inhibits platelet thromboxane A2 synthesis - reduced platelet activation
- AE: GI ulceration + irritation; caution in renal disease
174
Clopidogrel
- Antiplatelet
- Prodrug - inhibits P2Y12 (an ADP-activated GPCR on platelets)
- Can be given w/ aspirin
- AE: Caution in hepatic + renal disease, has bad taste
- Dec risk of thromboembolism
175
Prednisolone
- Oral glucocorticoid
- Immunosuppressant
- Companion animals
- Can be given w/ azathioprine (not cats), cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, chlorambucil adjuvant agents
- Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA); Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia (IMTP); eosinophilia; leukaemia
- (Give gastroprotective therapy - e.g. H2 antagonist or omeprazole)
- AE: Care w/ giving for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, high dose may shut adrenal glands down -> dec steroid production; may antagonise effect of insulin
- Contraindicated: pregnant animals, diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, corneal ulceration, alongside live vaccines
176
Dexamethasone
- Immunosuppressant
- Glucocorticoid
- IV/IM
- Horses
- Can be given w/ azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, chlorambucil adjuvant agents
- Immune-mediated disease; inflam skin conditions; blood transfusion (hypersensitivity/anaphylactic) reaction
- AE: Care w/ giving for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, high dose may shut adrenal glands down -> dec steroid production; may antagonise effect of insulin; contradicted use alongside NSAIDs
- Contraindicated: pregnant animals, diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, corneal ulceration, alongside live vaccines
177
Tranexamic acid
- Prevents plasminogen activation, dec fibrinolysis + inc clot strength
- Hyperfibrinolysis in greyhounds, used before Sx procedures
178
Mycophenolate
- Immunosuppressive agent
- Steroid responsive meningitis arteritis; meningoencephalomyelitis unknown origin (MUO); myasthenia gravis
179
Leflunomide
- Immunosuppressive agent
- Steroid responsive meningitis arteritis; meningoencephalomyelitis unknown origin (MUO); myasthenia gravis
180
Cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine)
- Immunosuppressive agent = low-dose radiotherapy to brain, chemo
- Meningoencephalomyelitis unknown origin (MUO); possible lymphoma
- Check haem + biochem prior to admin + 7d after injection if unwell
181
Dexamethasone, prednisolone
- Corticosteroids - cross BBB, prevent oedema + inflam
- Simple immunosuppression in CNS diseases, listeria meningoencephalitis; myasthenia gravis
- AE - can cause abortion due to high fever
182
Azathioprine
- Immunosuppressive, alternative to mycophenolate
- Not in cats
- Myasthenia gravis
183
Lomustine
Immunosuppressive
- Meningoencephalomyelitis unknown origin (MUO); possible lymphoma
- Check haem + bichem prior to admin + 7d after injection if unwell
184
Minocycline
- AB
- Reduces neuro-inflam
- For neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses (NCL) (seizures, visual loss, cognitive function deficits, difficulties eating)
185
Oral magnesium sulfate /IV EDTA
- Precipitates lead in GIT
- Lead intoxication
186
Vinegar
- w/ oral fluids to relive bloat
- Urea intoxication
187
Thiamine/Vit B1
- Sulfur intoxication, CCN (polioencephalomalacia/cerebrocortical necrosis)
188
Pyridostimine bromide (mestinon)
- Anticholinesterase
- Titrated slowly to effect, CRI
- Myasthenia gravis
189
Neostigmine
- Anticholinesterase - improves muscle tone by preventing ACh attaching to receptors, muscle is less able to tighten
- SQ - shorter-acting
- Myasthenia gravis
190
L-deprenyl (Selegiline)
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitor, inc noradrenaline and dopamine, neuroprotective functions: improves memory & longevity; anxiety/social withdraw
- Dogs O.5 - 1mg/kg PO SID;
- Cats 1mg/kg PO SID (not licensed)
- At least 4 weeks before positive effect may be seen (typically 8 weeks)
- Monoamine oxidase-increased cognitive function disorders
191
Propentofylline
- Neuroprotection - increases the molecular signal adenosine, improves cerebral blood flow, glial cell modulator: stimulates astrocytes (protect nerve cells from inflammatory mediators, free radicals + glutamate), depresses microglial cells (inflam cells)
- Not licensed in cats
- Cognitive decline
- Peripheral idiopathic vestibular disease
192
Melatonin, Alprazolam
- Sundown syndrome/sleep disorder
193
Dexdomitor
- Sedative - reduces muscle spasm + brain metabolic requirements
- Stupor/coma mangement
194
Prazosin
- Alpha-adrenergenic antagonist (smooth muscle relxant), reduces internal sphincter tone)
- Neurogenic bladder - relax urinary sphincter + express bladder 20 - 30 min after admin (UMN relaxation)
- Caution renal disease
- Monitor BP
195
Phenoxybenzamine
- Alpha-adrenergenic antagonist (smooth muscle relaxant), reduces internal sphincter tone)
- Neurogenic bladder - relax urinary sphincter + express bladder 20 - 30 min after admin (UMN relaxation)
- Expensive
- AE: hypotension, CNS, GI effects
196
Diazepam
- Skeletal muscle relaxant
- Neurogenic bladder - relax urinary sphincter + express bladder 20 - 30 min after admin (UMN relaxation)
- Caution in cats (liver failure)
197
Bethanechol
- Promotes detrusor activity (only works if there is already some detrusor activity present), so not used often
- Cholinergic agent
- Neurogenic bladder - only when no urethral spasm/outflow obstruction (not for UMN bladder in T/L spinal disease)
- AE:s salivation, lacrimation, cholinergic crisis
198
Phenylpropanolamine (incurin)
- Sympathomimetic
- Sphincter mechanism incompetence (leakage of urine during storage) - e.g. neuromuscular disease in male dogs (polymyositis)/older female spayed dogs -> inc contractions
- AEs: restlessness, irritability, hypertension, anorexia
199
Imepitoin (pexion)
- Short half-life (1.5h), steady state in 3 day
- Targeted action (binds when GABA present synapse (partial agonist) -> opens ion channel -> ions enter to balance out +ive ions)
- No therapeutic monitoring (no blood monitoring) but need to ensure that dose is therapeutic (serum)
- Less adverse effects: sedation, hepatoxicity, PUPD, polyphagia
- Anxiolytic effect; epilepsy/seizure
200
L-carnitine
- Non-specific mitochondrial disease Tx, useful for metabolic brain disease
- Neuronal ceroid-lipidfuscinoses (NCL)
201
Mannitol
- Improves cerebral blood flow; free radical scavenger; reverses blood-brain osmotic gradient; reduces extracellular fluid; lowers blood viscosity
- AE: repeated administration can result in hyperosmolar state and lead to acute renal failure, maybe give 30 - 60 min post furosemide
- Vasogenic cerebral oedema - brain tumour, coma
- Osmolar substance, give IV over 30 - 60 min
- E.g. Hepatic encephalopathy
202
KBr
- Bromide - more likely to cross channel instead of Cl- dec positive charger (polarise)
- Can be used in combo w/ PB/Imepitoin
- Seizures
- AEs: sedation, GI irritation - megaoesophagus, inc dietary salt, takes 4 - 6m to become stable, PUPD, pancreatitis - affects Cl- channels -> chronic D+, neurological/NM deficits
203
Phenobarbital
- Epilepsy control
- AEs: initial sedation, inc appetite, hepatotoxicity, PUPD
204
Phenylephrine
- Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat hypotension dilate the pupil, and induce local vasoconstriction
- Vasopressor
205
Noradrenaline
Vasopressor - causes vasconstriction to correct hypotension
206
Cyclophosphamide (cytoxan), doxorubicin (adriamycin), vincristine (oncovin), prednisolone, L-asparaginase (CHOP)
- Chemotherapy
- Canine + feline lymphoma
207
Vitamin K (e.g. Konakion MM, phytomenadione)
- Co-factor in gamma-carboxylation of F II, VII, IX and X
- SC/PO
- Vitamin K-dependent coagulopathies (bleeding disorders): vit K deficiency 2y to pancreatic deficiency, rodenticide poisoning
208
Heparin & low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs)
- Glycosaminoglycans present in mast cells
- Extracted from beef/pig
- Inhibit coagulation by increasing affinity of antithrombin III to thrombin + other protease enzymes in coagulation cascade
- Heparin IV/SC (not IM - causes hematomas)
- LMWHs SC
- Promotion of anticoagulation: maintenance of IV catheter placement (heparin), prevention of 2y thromboembolic disease, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (controversial)
- AE: haemorrhage (stop, give antagonist for heparin = protamin sulfate); heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; interacts w/ other drugs affecting coagulation e.g. aspirin/NSAIDs; may antagonise corticosteroids/insulin -> may inc diazepam levels
209
Ciclosporin
- Immunosuppressive but not cytotoxic (like azathioprine and chlorambucil)
- Inhibits calcineurin -> dec signalling of inflam cytokine IL-2 and dec T-cell proliferation/activity, inhibits APC in skin, inhibits degranulation of mast cells and release histamine
- Chronic allergic dermatitis (cats); atopic dermatitis (dogs)
- Give 2 h prior / after food to prevent fast absorption w/ food
- AE: Well-tolerated + uncommon in dogs; cats = common: GI signs (V+/D+/anorexia/hypersalivation), lethargy, weight loss, lymphopoenia
- Plasma conc lowered by anticonvulsants + some ABs; drugs that inhibit/induce cytochrome p450 interfere w/ conc; use w/ aminoglycoside AB/trimethoprim -> inc nephrotoxicity
- Contraindicated: Hx of malignant disorders, live vaccination (2 w before/after); diabetic dogs, w/ other immunosuppressive agents; dogs <6 m, cats w/ FeLV or FIV
210
Apoquel (oclacitinib)
- Immunosuppressant
- Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor
- Inhbits func of cytokines dependent on JAK enzyme activity - esp. IL-31
- Dogs: pruritus, atopic dermatitis
211
Cytopoint (Lokivetmab)
- Immunosuppressant
- Caninised monoclonal antibody (mAb), targets canine interleukin-31
- Dogs: pruritus, atopic dermatitis
- Alternative to Apoquel
212
Azathioprine
- Immunosuppressant
- Cytotoxic - inhibits purine synthesis -> impacts DNA & RNA synthesis; inhibits clonal proliferation during induction phase of immune response (cell- and antibody-mediated)
- AE: BM suppression; GI upset/anorexia, poor hair growth, acute pancreatitis, hepatotoxicity; caution use in renal impairment/hepatic disease
- Not recommended for cats - low in enzyme which metabolises azathioprine so prone to toxicity (fatal leukopenia/thrombocytopenia)
213
Chlorambucil
- Immunosuppressant (not v well characterised in companion animals)
- Small cell alimentary lymphoma; IMHA
- Cytotoxic - alkylating agent which cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, impeding replication
- AE: BM suppression, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, poor hair growth, neurotoxicity and seizures reported (rare)
214
Cyclophosphamide
- Immunosuppressant
- Cytotoxic - alkylating agent which cross-links DNA during all phases of the cell cycle, impeding replication
- AE: BM suppression, V+, D+, poor hair growth, myelosuppression, inc water intake in cats to reduce risk of haemorrhagic cystitis
- Immune-mediated disease, lymphoma, various cancers
215
Chlorphenamine
- Antihistamine
- Anaphylactic (hypersensitive) blood transfusion reaction
- Allergic conjunctivitis
216
Whole blood (fresh/stored)
- Has everything: platelets, all factors
- Fresh life = 4 h
- Stored = 28 d
217
Packed RBCs
- Only for anaemia
- No clotting factors
- Shelf life = 42 d
218
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
- All factors: fibrinogen (I), II, V, VII, VIII, IX, XI, vWF
- All coagulopathies: vit K deficiency e.g. rodenticide toxicity; vWD (suspected/confirmed); haemophilia A (VIII) + B (IX); lungworm coagulopathy; factor consumption/poor production (e.g. excessive haemorrhage, liver disease)
- Shelf life = 1 yr (18 degrees celsius), thaw prior, 5 - 30 mL/kg
- Initial transfusion rate 0.5 - 1.0 mL/kg/h for 20 - 30 min if no reaction, continue for 4 h
219
Frozen plasma
- II, VII, IX, X, XI, variable others
- Haemophilia B (IX); vit K deficiency
- Shelf life = 5 y
- 10 - 30 mL/kg
220
Cryoprecipitate
- I, VIII, vWF
- vWD; haemophilia A
- 6 mL/kg
221
Cryosupernatant
- II, VII, IX, X
- Vit K deficiency; haemophilia B
222
Imidocarb diproprionate (Imizol)
- Babesiosis (Babesia divergens) + tick control (lower dose)
- Ruminants
- Long withdrawal periods for meat (1/2 year)
- Only licensed Tx
223
Hydroxycarbamide + hydroxyurea
- Chemo -> dec WBC count
- Hydroxyurea = reversible myelosuppression in in polycythaemia vera
- Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) (non-lymphoid leukaemia)
224
Melphalan + prednisolone
- Chemo
- Multiple myeloma
- Dogs + cats
225
Ampicillin / TMPS (trimethoprim sulfonamide)
- AB
- UTI
- Cocci/alkaline urine -> Staph/Strep
- Rod/alkaline urine -> Proteus
- Companion animal, (TMPS = first line equine), ruminants
226
Fluoroquinolone
- AB, cephalosporin
- UTI
- Rod/acidic urine -> E. coli/Pseudomonas
- Not first line Tx, but can enter prostate (companion animal)
227
Fusidic acid
- Topical AB cream
- 'Sludgy bladder'
- Rabbits
228
Zinc oxide
- Natural antiseptic, antibacterial, topical
- 'Sludgy bladder'
- Rabbits
229
Rearguard (cyromazine)
- Ectoparasiticide - barrier/prevention of maggots, fly strike
- Rabbits
230
Albendazole / Fenbendazole
- AB
- Encephalitozoon cuniculi, prolonged Tx, 30 d
- Rabbits
231
Prioxicam
- NSAID
- Management of transitional cell carcinoma (bladder)
- Dogs
232
Butorphanol / Buprenorphine
- Analgesia, opioids
- Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC), esp chronic cases; urethral obstruction
- Cats
233
Amitriptyline
- Tricyclic antidepressant
- Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC), chronic cases
234
Calcium gluconate / Dextrose (or glucose) + insulin
- Protect heart from hyperkalaemia (calcium gluconate)
- Calcium gluconate - IV, antagonises cardiac effect of hyperkalaemia
- Dextrose solution = insulin relief
- Insulin = co-transporter, gets K+ transported w/ insulin into cells)
- AKI
235
Prazosin / Dantrolene
- Antispasmodics
- Prazosin - smooth muscle relaxant
- Dantrolene - skeletal muscle relaxant
- Act on diff parts of urethra to reduce spasm
- Urethral obstruction
236
Phosphate binders
- Binds to phosphate in intestinal tract so doesn't get absorbed
- Companion animals, if blood phosphate remains high (>1.6 mmol/L)
- E.g. Pronefra
- Chronic renal failure
- Companion animal
237
Potassium supplementation (Kaminox)
- Chronic renal failure - spiked fluids in dehydrated patient, will dec muscular weakness + improve inappetence
- Companion animal
- Feline hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
- Dec CS e.g. ventroflexion, myopathies
238
Calcium gluconate, insulin, glucose, sodium bicarbonate
- Hyperkalaemia
- Calcium gluconate - protects heart, but doesn't drop K^+
- Insulin - co-transporter system, carries K^to + into cells
- Glucose = to give w/ insulin
- Acute kidney injury
239
Propantheline
- Antimuscarinic (anticholinergic) agent
- Bladder storage, sympathetic control, bladder relaxant (detrusor relaxant)
- Incontinence; restricted bladder filling
240
Imipramine / Amitriptyline
- Tricyclic antidepressant/anxiolytic
- Bladder storage, sympathetic control, bladder relaxant (detrusor relaxant)
- Incontinence; restricted bladder filling
241
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) (Propalin)
- IUS stimulant - sympathomimetic
- Bladder storage, sympathetic control, internal urethral sphincter stimulant (restriction/contraction of internal urethral sphincter)
- Incontinence - go-to; urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI); supportive Tx for ectopic ureters
242
Ephedrine (Enurace / Canuphedrin)
- IUS stimulant - sympathomimetic
- Bladder storage, sympathetic control, internal urethral sphincter stimulant (restriction/contraction of internal urethral sphincter)
- Converts in liver to phenylpropanolamine (norephedrine)
- Incontinence; urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI)
243
Pseudoephedrine
- IUS stimulant - sympathomimetic
- Bladder storage, sympathetic control, internal urethral sphincter stimulant (strengthens contractions of internal urethral sphincter)
- Incontinence
244
Oestriol (oestrogen) (Incurin)
- IUS stimulant - sensitises adrenergic receptors
- Bladder storage, sympathetic control, internal urethral sphincter stimulant (restriction/contraction of internal urethral sphincter)
- Up-regulates adrenoreceptors of urethral sphincter
- Incontinence (go-to); urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI)
245
Bethanechol
- Detrusor stimulant
- Bladder voidance, parasympathetic control, contraction of bladder, urethral sphincter/urethra relaxes
- Urinary retention (go-to); bladder distension (detrusor atony); reflex dyssynergia
246
Cisapride (special basis)
- Detrusor stimulant - gastric prokinetic indirect PS stimulation
- Bladder voidance, parasympathetic control, contraction of bladder, urethral sphincter/urethra relaxes
- Urinary retention; bladder distension (detrusor atony)
247
Phenoxybenzamine
- IUS relaxant - non-selective alpha adrenergic antagonist
- Bladder voidance, parasympathetic control - (contraction of bladder) urethral sphincter/urethra relaxes - smooth muscle relaxant
- Urinary retention
248
Piroxicam
- NSAID
- Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder tumour)
- Dog
249
Apometic + activated charcoal
- Prevents absorption of toxins
- Induce emesis (apometic);
- Activated charcoal prevents systemic absorption
- AKI
250
Enrofloxacin (+ TMPS)
- Only licensed AB in rabbits
- Sludgy bladder/urolithiases, CaCO3 - when cultured as infection
251
Atropine 1%
- Mydriatic; cycloplegic - paralyses ciliary mm., relieves intraocular pain + decongestant of iris (parasympathomimetic)
- Longer onset + duration
- Hyphaema; uveitis; ciliary spasm; cataract management; reflex uveitis in corneal ulceration
- Contradicted in glaucoma - tonometry before Tx
- Consider: dec tear production (KCS); hypertension + inc IOP (glaucoma); salivation; mydriasis (lens luxation)
252
Tropicamide (Mydriacyl, Mydriaticum)
- Anticholinergic medication
- Short-acting mydriatic
- Paralyses smooth muscles or iris + ciliary body (holds lens in place) = cycloplegic agent (parasympathomimetic)
- Hyphaema; uveitis; dilate pupil to look at retina
- Consider: dec tear production (KCS); hypertension + inc IOP (glaucoma); salivation; mydriasis (lens luxation)
253
Intracameral tPA
- Tissue plasminogen activator -> blood clot lysis
- Resolves blood clot - if clot substantial, severe or threatening
- 25 ug
- Hyphaema; uveitis
254
Prednisolone (Prednisolone acetate) (Ophthalmology)
- Corticosteroid
- Oral/topical
- Good corneal penetration
- Acute uveitis; hypertensive retinopathy; optic neuritis; perioperative Tx in cataract Sx
- AE: systemic absorption -> PUPD, difficulty stabilising diabetic patients, subcapsular cataracts in cats + corneal lipidosis
255
Dexamethasone (Ophthalmology)
- Corticosteroid
- Topical drops (4 - 6 x daily)
- Acute uveitis; conditions of ocular surface e.g. eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis (cats)
- AE: systemic absorption -> PUPD, difficulty stabilising diabetic patients, subcapsular cataracts in cats + corneal lipidosis
256
Aspirin (Ophthalmology)
- NSAID
- Oral dogs - 10 mg/kg 3 x weekly in chronic cases
- Cats - 75 mg every 48 - 72 h
- Acute uveitis/when corticosteroid contraindicated
257
Acular, Keratolac, Naclof/Voltaren, Ocufen (Ophthalmology)
- NSAIDs
- Topical drops
- Acute uveitis/when corticosteroids contraindicated
258
Rimidyl (Ophthalmology)
- NSAID
- Acute uveitis/when corticosteroids contraindicated
259
Metacam (Ophthalmology)
- NSAID
- Acute uveitis/when corticosteroid contraindicated
260
Azathioprine (Imuran) (Ophthalmology)
- Immunosuppressive
- Refractory cases of uveitis (to corticosteroids) - canine uveodermatological syndrome, long-term therapy in combo w/ prednisolone
- AE: hepatotoxicity, BM suppression - don't give to cats
261
Epinephrine, phenylephrine (preferred option) (Ophthalmology)
- Adrenergic drug
- Localisation of Horner's syndrome/Dx (denervation hypersensitivity) - if mydriasis in <20 min = post-ganglionic lesion = Horner's
- Uveitis (mydriatic) - AE: risk of 2y glaucoma
262
N-Acetylcysteine (Stromease), EDTA
- Antiproteolytic agent - autologous serum
- Stromal corneal ulceration; melting ulcer
263
Fluoroquinolones, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, PolymyxcinB
- Pseudomonas infection - melting ulcer
264
Bacitracin, Gramicidin, Cephalosporins, Penicillins
- Streptococcus spp. (G+) infection - melting ulcer
265
Ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan)
- Fluoroquinolone AB, bactericidal, conc dependent, broad spectrum
- G+ - staphylococcus; G- - Pseudmonas aeruginosa
- Melting ulcer - first line; reserved for cases where other AB ineffective; complicated (infectious keratitis) corneal ulceration, melting ulcers
- May cause local irritation
266
Ofloxacin (Exocin)
- Quinolone AB, bactericidal, conc dependent, broad spectrum
- G+ - staphylococcus; G- - Pseudmonas aeruginosa
- Better corneal penetration than ciprofloxacin, reserved when other AB are ineffective
- Melting ulcer (second line) - when AB ineffective; complicated (infectious keratitis) corneal ulceration
267
L-lysine
- Essential AA
- Replaces/antagonises arginine AA in virus, slows down replication, reduces in-vitro replication of FHV-1, may reduce viral shedding latently infected cats
- BID bolus, not added to food
- FHV-1; corneal sequestrum
- Cats
268
Cyclosporine (Optimmune)
- Immunosuppressant/immune-modulator - inhibits T-cells
- Stimulates tear production (direct lacrostimulant)
- Licensed
- Feline eosinophilic keratitis; tear film deficiency (KCS)
269
Fusidic acid - Isathal
- Narrow spectrum AB, bacteriostatic
- Penetrates through cornea into anterior chamber
- Staphylococcus (particularly S. pseudintermedius), streptococcus
- Conjunctivitis
- Companion animal
270
Gentamicin (Tiacil, clinagel vet)
- Aminoglycosides broad spectrum, bactericidal AB, conc dependent
- Requires O2-rich environment (ineffective in abscesses, exudates)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, enterobacter spp, proteus spp, G-
- Some G+: staphylococcus + streptococcus (S, faecalis)
- Conjunctivitis; complicated (infectious keratitis) corneal ulceration
- (Resistant = all anaerobes + haemolytic Streptococcus)
- Epitheliotoxic, don't use for > 7 d
271
Polymyxin B (polyfax ointment, mazitrol)
- Cyclic polypeptide, broad spectrum, bactericidal AB, cationic surface acting agent - interacts w/ phospholipids in cell mem (G+ bacteria resistant)
- Requires O2-rich environment (ineffective in abscesses, exudates)
- Contains steroids
- G-: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella
- Some G+: Staphylococcus + Streptococcus (S. faecalis)
- Resistant to all anaerobes + haemolytic streptococcus
272
Cloxacillin
- Topical AB
- Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK); pink eye (sheep) infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) = orbenin + opticlox
273
Trusopt, cosopt
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- Glaucoma
274
Iopidine
- Alpha-agonist
- Dec production of aq, dec outflow, reduces episcleral venous pressure, dec HR
- AE - V+
- Glaucoma
275
Timolol
- Beta-blocker
- Miosis, aggravate pupil block glaucoma
- Glaucoma
- AE; miosis, conjunctival hyperaemia, local irritation, bradycardia
- Contraindicated: uveitis, anterior lens luxation, heart failure
276
Demecarium bromide
- Cholinesterase-inhibitor -> inc aqueous flow
- Miotic
- Drops
- Glaucoma
277
Latanoprost/xalatan, travoprost/travatan, bimatoprost/lumigan
- Prostaglandin analogue - reduce IOP through interaction w/ PGF receptors in uvea + trabecular meshwork -> inc uveoscleral outflow
- Drops
- Glaucoma
- Don't use when there is concurrent uveitis + anterior lens luxation
- AEs: conjunctival hyperaemia, marked miosis, disruption of blood aq (latanoprost), vitreous entrapment in pupil -> inc IOP
- Ineffective in most cats (latanoprost)
- Dogs + primates
278
Dextropmethophortan, memantine
- Neuroprotection
- Glaucoma
279
Lutein, xeazanthin, grape seed extract, lycopene (eyes Rx plus)
- Antioxidant medication
- Inherited Retinal Degenerations (Progressive Retinal Atrophy/PRA)
280
Amox-clav (amoxicillin/clavulanate), cephalosporin
- Broad spectrum systemic AB
- Infection e.g. orbital abscessation/bacterial cellulitis
281
Tacrolimus (Proptopic)
- Calcineurin inhibitor (immunosuppressant)
- Unlicensed
- (2nd line Tx of tear film deficiency, if unresponsive to cyclosporine)
282
Pilocarpine
- Cholinergic agonist - direct parasympathomimetic -> tear stimulation
- Unlicensed
- Neurogenic KCS only (when innervation affected) - tear film deficiency
- Anti-glaucoma
- Inc dose until improvement/GI signs
- Eye drops orally
- Contradicted: uveitis, anterior lens luxation
283
Tetracaine, lidocaine, proxymetacaine
- Local anaesthetic
- Onset 5 min; duration 1 - 2 h
- Dx purposes only - tonometry, exploration of conjunctiva, Dx sampling
- Consider: dec corneal sensation -> inc risk of trauma; reduced reflex tearing; epitheliotoxic if long-term; systemic toxicity if in small patients
284
Celluvisc, Ocry-gel, Remend, Viskyal, Lacrilube
- Tear substitutes
285
Chlorotetracycline (Ophtocycline)
- Bacteriostatic AB, inhibits protein synthesis, conc dependent
- Staphylococcus, streptococcus, proteus, pseudomonas
- Keratitis; conjunctivitis; blepharitis; feline chlamydial conjunctivitis
286
Doxycycline
- Systemic AB
- Oral
- Feline chlamydial conjunctivitis
287
Cefalexin + metronidazole
- Orbital abscessation/bacterial cellulitis
288
Cefalexin + clindamycin
- Orbital abscessation/bacterial cellulitis
289
Trifluorothymidine (Trifluridine)
- Antiviral - virostatic, nucleoside analogue
- Cats - x 5 daily
- May be extremely irritating to eye
- V expensive
- FHV-1
290
Carprofen, meloxicam, tepoxalin (Ophthalmology)
- NSAIDs - non-selective COX-2 inhibitors
- Systemic
- Dog
- Avoid in cases with intra-ocular haemorrhage because of inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on platelet function
291
Firocoxib, robenacoxib, mavacoxib
- NSAIDs - COX-2 inhibitors
- Systemic
- Dog
- Avoid in cases with intra-ocular haemorrhage because of inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on platelet function
292
Carprofen, meloxicam, robenacoxib
- Systemic NSAIDs for cats
- Avoid in cases with intra-ocular haemorrhage because of inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on platelet function
293
Keratolac, flurbiprofen, diclofenac
- Topical NSAIDs, when corticosteroids contra-indicated (unauthorised)
- Diclofenac and Flurbiprofen increase IOP significantly in cats - avoid in cats with ocular hypertension
- Avoid in cases with intra-ocular haemorrhage because of inhibitory effect of NSAIDs on platelet
294
Sodium cromoglicate
- Anti-allergy - mast cell stabiliser
- Dogs, cats
- Allergic conjunctivitis
295
Glycerol
- Osmotic diuretic
- Oral
- Glaucoma
296
Dorzolamide hydrochloride
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- Drops
- Glaucoma
297
Acetazolamide
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- Oral, IV, IM
- Glaucoma
298
Brinzolamide
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- Drops
- Glaucoma
299
Dichlorphenamide
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor -> dec aq production
- Oral
- Glaucoma
300
Metipranilol, levobunolol, betaxolol
- Beta-adrenergic blocker
- Glaucoma
301
Bromfenac
- Topical anti-inflam
- Acute uveitis (equine)
302
Enilconazole, voriconazole
- Anti-fungal (ringworm wash)
- Non-healing corneal ulcer (equine)
303
Oral elemental calcium supplementation, vitamin D supplementation, calcitriol
- Chronic hypoparathyroidism
- Helps absorb calcium from gut
304
Desmopressin
- Selective vasopressin V2 receptor agonist -> inc water absorption
- Polyuria - diabetes insipidus
305
Prednisolone (endocrine)
- Oral 0.2 - 0.4 mg/kg cortisol required q24 h (normal adrenal production), so aim for 0.05 - 0.1 mg/kg prednisolone q24 h - canine hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's) - subacute
- 0.2 mg/kg q12 h - ferret insulinoma
306
Zycortal (desoxycortone pivalate (DOCP))
- Mineralocorticoid deficiency, sub-cut injection q4 w
- Canine hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's)
307
Caninsulin
- Insulin (from porcine)
- Intermediate-acting
- Canine diabetes - uncomplicated diabetes
- Red, 40 IU/mL
- 30% amorphous zinc insulin / 70% crystalline zinc insulin
308
ProZinc
- Exogenous insulin therapy (from human)
- 0.2 - 0.4 IU/kg subcut q12 h
- Feline diabetes mellitus, uncomplicated diabetes
- Intermediate-acting
- Red, 40 IU/mL
- Protamine zinc insulin - crystalline
309
Diazoxide
- Inhibits insulin secretion
- Insulinoma
310
Streptozotocin
- Chemotherapy - metastatic cancer of the pancreatic islet cells (insulinoma)
311
Humulin
- Insulin (human)
- Short-acting
- Complicated diabetes / Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Orange, 100 IU/mL
- Used in emergency, higher strength
312
Tolbutamide, glipizide
- Oral hypoglycaemic agent
- Stimulate beta cells to produce insulin
- Poorly tolerated in cats + dogs, only if absolute insulin deficiency, cats if cannot use insulin
313
Radioiodine (131^I)
- Taken up by thyroid gland, incorporated into thyroglobulin, emits beta and gamma radiation, beta particles are cytotoxic in short range, restricted to thyroid follicles
- Hyperthyroid cats
- Excretion of 131^I in bodily fluids, isolate for min 2w
- Interim medical management required
314
Levetiracetam
- Anti-epileptic
- Used instead of Diazepam for hepatic encephalopathy, seen w/ PSS
315
Terabutaline
- Beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonist -> bronchodilation = bronchodilator
- Asthma, inflammatory airway disease
316
Triamcinolone
- Skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis (e.g., poison ivy), eczema, bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosis, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, aural haematoma
317
PMSG = pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
- Absence of oestrus - requires daily admin of PMSG for 10d following injection of HCG (chorionic gonadotropin hormone)
- Bitch should start cycling 7d after, inc FSH + LH -> oestrus
- Induces oestrus
- Dog
