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Veterinary Anatomy 2 > Comparative Anatomy of the Skull > Flashcards

Comparative Anatomy of the Skull Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of the skull of a dog?

A

Canine teeth, incomplete orbit, no supraorbital foramen

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2
Q

How is the skull index calculated?

A

CW/CL x 100

CL: length from P to I; CW: width from Z to Z

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3
Q

What is the interpretation for skull index calculations?

A

If it is < 75, then you have a dolichocephalic breed; If between 75 and 80, then mesaticephalic; > 80 = brachycephalic

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4
Q

How is the neurocranial index calculated?

A

Maximum width of neurocranium x 100/cranial length

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5
Q

How is the facial index calculated?

A

Maximum zygomatic width x 100/viscerocranial length

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6
Q

What do the following letters stand for on the skull index map: N, P, Z, E, B, I?

A

N: nasion; P: prosthrion; Z: zygion; E: euryon; B: basion; I: inion

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7
Q

How is neurocranial volume calculated?

A

Take a skull and block the foramen and pour grain into the foramen magnum until the brain case is full, then pour into a calibrated volumetric jar to measure the volume

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8
Q

What are the three classifications of canine skulls?

A

Dolichocephalic: long and narrow; Mesaticephalic: medium; Brachycephalic: short and wide

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9
Q

What is prognathism and what are the two types?

A

Prognathism is a malalignment of teeth and jaw: underbite: mandible protrudes; overbite: maxilla protrudes

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10
Q

Between horses and cows, which have teeth on the upper jaw?

A

Horses (incisors and sometimes canines)

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11
Q

Between horses and cows, which have a facial tuberosity vs a facial crest?

A

Horses: facial crest; Cows: facial tuberosity

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12
Q

Both the facial crest of horses and facial tuberosity of cows act as landmarks for what?

A

They are both palpable and act as landmarks in several surgical procedures as well as the infraorbital nerve

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13
Q

What foramina are palpable on the horse and cow?

A

Infraorbital, mental, and supraorbital

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14
Q

How does the facial crest/facial tuberosity act as a landmark for locating the infraorbital foramen?

A

Draw a line from nasoincisive notch to the rostral end of the facial crest, and the foramen is somewhere around the middle of that line

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15
Q

When inserting the needle into the infraorbital foramen in dogs and cats, how far in do you go?

A

Insert needle 1.5-2.5 cm depending on the dog breed, 0.5 cm for felines

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16
Q

Describe the major difference in the zygomatic bone between horses and cows.

A

Horses: only has a temporal process; Cows: has both a temporal and frontal process

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17
Q

The processes of the zygomatic bone in the horse and cow serve as a landmark for what nerve?

A

Auriculopalpebral nerve

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18
Q

What species have wolf teeth and what are they?

A

Horses; they are rudimentary premolars/molars

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19
Q

What is the difference in the incisive bone between horses and cows?

A

Folds upward in bovine, downward in equine

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20
Q

What is the difference in the makeup of the dorsal surface of the skull in equine vs bovine?

A

Equine: parietal and frontal bone; Bovine: entirely frontal bone

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21
Q

What is the difference in the makeup of the orbit of the eye in different species?

A

Horse, cow, sheep, goat: complete orbit; Pigs, dogs, cats: incomplete orbit

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22
Q

Between equine and bovine, which have a more prominent temporal line?

A

Bovine; it is palpable and has nerves that run along it

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23
Q

What is the supraorbital foramen?

A

Present in equine and ruminants as a passage for the supraorbital nerve which goes to innervate the upper eyelid and the skin and tissue around it

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24
Q

What is the supraorbital nerve a result of as far as branching goes?

A

CN 5 -> ophthalmic nerve -> frontal nerve -> supraorbital nerve

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25
What is the landmark for identifying the supraorbital foramen?
Midline between the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process
26
What is a supraorbital nerve block commonly used for?
Eye surgery in equine species
27
How is the shape of a pig skull described?
Pyramid shaped
28
What is the os rostri?
Bone of the nose in pigs
29
Describe the nuchal crest of pigs.
Thick; nuchal wall is very high compared to other animals
30
Describe the sagittal crest of pigs.
Has an internal sagittal crest rather than an external sagittal crest which is formed internally largely by the parietal bone
31
What species is known to have a prominent temporal line, strong zygomatic arch and large tympanic bulla?
Pigs
32
What are the canine teeth of pigs referred to as?
Tusks and they continue to grow throughout the life of the animal
33
Describe the dimorphism of the tusks of pigs.
Larger, more prominent, and curved in the male; smaller and straighter in the female
34
What are horns?
Keratinized sheath that covers bony structure beneath it, referred to as the cornual process
35
Horns are an extension of what bone?
Frontal, however they have separate ossification centers and develop independently of one another
36
The angular process of the mandible is only present in what species?
Dogs and cats
37
Describe the differences in the condylar and coracoid processes of the mandibles in dogs vs pigs.
They are at about the same level in pigs, but different in dogs
38
Describe the difference in the head of the condylar fossa in horses vs cows.
Convex in equine, concave in bovine
39
Describe the uniqueness of the articulation of the temporomandibular joint in horses.
The nature of the articulation of the temporomandibular joint in the equine allows for less movement than in other species because it is convex and the mandibular fossa is concave, so they lock together
40
Describe the difference in the appearance of the ventral border of the mandible in horses vs cows.
Equine: flat with vascular notch; Bovine: rounded
41
What is the significance of the vascular notch?
Very important in gathering vitals in horses from the facial artery
42
_________ animals tend to have less accessory mental foramina than ________ animals.
Larger, smaller
43
What are inferior and superior alveolar nerves and how do they branch?
Inferior alveolar nerve is a branch of the mandibular nerve within the mandibular canal that innervates the teeth of the bottom jaw within the alveolus of the tooth socket via apical foramina; Superior alveolar nerve branches off the infraorbital nerve (rostral, middle, and caudal) to innervate the teeth of the upper jaw in the same manner as the inferior alveolar nerves
44
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air filled spaces within the skull that drain into the nose as an extension of the nasal cavity
45
What bones of the skull contain paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, maxilla, and a little in ethmoid and sphenoid bones
46
What lines paranasal sinuses?
Mucosa with respiratory epithelium
47
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Warm and moisten the air as it is inspired; Helps lighten the weight of the skull; Shock absorber; helps protect vital structures
48
What is the role of immune cells in the sinuses?
Present along the mucosa and help to filter inspired air
49
Which species have poorly developed sinuses?
Dogs, cats, and pigs
50
Which species has the most developed sinuses?
Cattle; they have a large frontal bone and cornual sinuses by the horns
51
Which sinuses are present in horses/donkeys?
Maxillary, frontal, and sphenopalatine (they are the only ones with sphenopalatine sinuses)
52
Which sinuses are present in cattle/buffalo?
All except for sphenopalatine
53
Which sinuses are present in sheep and goats?
Maxillary, frontal, lacrimal, and palatine
54
Which sinuses are present in camels?
Maxillary, frontal, lacrimal, and palatine
55
Which sinuses are present in dogs?
Frontal only, maxillary only as a recess
56
What two sinuses are devoid of the normal bony septum that would demarcate them?
Dorsal and conchal sinus: dorsoconchal sinus; Frontal and maxillary: frontomaxillary sinus
57
Explain the divisions of the maxillary sinus.
Rostral maxillary sinus: contains the first molar; Caudal maxillary sinus: contains the 2nd and 3rd molars
58
What separates the teeth from the maxillary sinus?
A thin sheet of bone
59
What is the clinical significance of the thin bone separating the sinus from the teeth?
Because it is so thin, it can be fractured during extractions and create direct communication; sometimes an abscess can form which causes secondary sinusitis
60
What are surgical incisions into the sinus referred to as?
Trephination/burr holing
61
What is the caudal surgical limit of the frontal sinus?
Zygomatic process of the frontal bone
62
What is the rostral surgical limit of the frontal sinus?
Halfway between the orbit and the infraorbital foramen
63
What is the medial surgical limit of the frontal sinus?
2 cm from the midline
64
What is the lateral surgical limit of the frontal sinus?
Supraorbital foramen to rostral most portion of the medial limit
65
The same tool that is used for burr holing in the case of sinus incisions is also used for what other kind of procedure?
Craniotomy
66
What is the caudal limit of the maxillary sinus?
Rostral portion of the orbit
67
What is the rostral limit of the maxillary sinus?
Rostral end of the facial crest/infraorbital foramen
68
What is the ventral limit of the maxillary sinus?
Facial crest
69
What is the dorsal limit of the maxillary sinus?
Line from the infraorbital foramen parallel to the facial crest
70
What structure must you watch out for on the dorsal aspect of the maxillary sinus?
Nasolacrimal duct
71
Describe the frontal sinus in bovine.
- Divided into rostral and caudal portions demarcated by a bony septum - Has a pathway into the ethmoidal meatus which have openings into the nasal cavity
72
What are the 3 extensions/diverticula of the caudal frontal sinus?
- Cornual diverticulum - Nuchal diverticulum - Postorbital diverticulum
73
What is the clinical significance of the cornual diverticulum of the caudal frontal sinus in bovine?
Often causes a problem during dehorning if the animal is dehorned too short and the sinus becomes exposed; particles are able to enter through the exposed sinus and travel to the nose
74
What is the caudal surgical limit of the bovine frontal sinus?
Base of skull
75
What is the lateral surgical limit of the bovine frontal sinus?
Temporal line with a little deviation into zygomatic process
76
What is the rostral surgical limit of the bovine frontal sinus?
Rostral border of orbit
77
What are the recommended trephination sites for the frontal sinus in bovine?
Far away from the center so as not to hit the brain
78
What is the difference in the sinuses of sheep as compared to other species?
- Variation in number between males and females - Males have more sinuses than females that provide extra shock absorption when head butting
79
What are the 3 divisions of the frontal sinus in dogs and which is the only one of clinical significance?
- Lateral: only one of significance - Medial - Rostral
80
Which is the largest division of the frontal sinus in dogs?
Lateral
81
What is the clinical significance of the lateral division of the frontal sinus in dogs?
Often drained in the case of sinonasal mycosis or foreign body or tooth root abscess
82
What is the maxillary recess in canines?
Outpocketing rather than a sinus; broadly opens into the nasal cavity and has no demarcation as with a normal sinus
83
What are the lateral and medial walls of the maxillary recess?
Lateral: maxilla Medial: orbital lamina of the ethmoid bone
84
What is the point of stunning/exsanguination?
Renders the animal unconscious in order to reduce suffering and remain humane during slaughter
85
What is slaughter?
All the processes from stunning the animal to the final product
86
What are the methods of stunning an animal?
- Mechanical - Electrical - Gas
87
The point of application of the stun gun ________ between species.
Varies
88
Where do you want to apply the stun gun on an animal in order to be the most effective?
The point of the skull that is the thinnest and is closest to the brain
89
Describe how to apply the stun gun in cattle.
- Imaginary line from the lateral canthus to the horn - Where the two lines cross each other is the best place to go - Directed towards spinal cord
90
Describe how to apply the stun gun in equine.
- Imaginary line from the lateral canthus to the ear - Where the two lines cross each other is the best place to go - Directed towards spinal cord
91
What is the difference in application of the stun gun in sheep/goats as opposed to equine/cattle?
In sheep and goats, the gun is directed towards the head, going through the brain rather than along the brain
92
What are the 3 locations you can apply a stun gun in pigs?
- Frontal - Temporal - Behind the ear
93
What are the methods of euthanasia in a chicken for post-mortem examination?
- Cervical dislocation - Send air into the heart
94
What are the methods of euthanasia in large animals for post-mortem examination?
- Sever jugular vein and carotid artery - Sever axillary artery
95
What are the reasons to dehorn an animal?
- Preventing injury to other animals or handlers - If the horn is growing back into the animal - Fractured or injured horn
96
What are the methods of dehorning an animal?
Wire saw and cauterization
97
What are the things to keep in mind and to try to avoid when dehorning an animal?
- Cornual sinus - Nerves
98
What is the landmark for locating the cornual nerve in bovine?
The temporal line; the nerve is palpable just below it
99
Nerve block for dehorning utilizes what nerve?
Cornual nerve, which is a branch of the trigeminal nerve -> ophthalmic nerve -> cornual nerve
100
What is the difference in the number of cornual nerves between large ruminants and small ruminants?
Large ruminants only have 1, small ruminants have 2
101
Describe the branching of the two cornual nerves in small ruminants.
Branch from lateral orbit: CN 5 -> ophthalmic nerve -> lacrimal nerve -> cornual nerve Branch from medial orbit: CN 5 -> ophthalmic nerve -> nasociliary nerve -> infratrochlear nerve -> cornual nerve
102
The auriculopalpebral nerve is a branch of what cranial nerve?
Facial nerve
103
What is the landmark for palpating the auriculopalpebral nerve?
Palpable just above the zygomatic arch
104
When is an auriculopalpebral nerve block used?
In examination of the eye, eyelid suturing, or corneal ulceration
105
Where do you insert the needle for an auriculopalpebral nerve block?
At the highest point of the zygomatic arch; below would be where you would desensitize the maxillary nerve
106
Describe the branching of the auriculopalpebral nerve.
Gives an auricular branch to the ear and a palpebral branch to the eye
107
What is the procedure if the cornual sinus is exposed during dehorning?
- Trim the bone to the level of the skin - Detach the skin around the horn if possible and pull the skin together to suture the area closed
108
Describe the importance of the venous sinuses of the facial vein in horses.
Important as they are an alternative site where blood samples can be taken if need be
109
What are the 3 venous sinuses of the facial vein?
- Transverse facial - Deep facial - Buccal vv.
110
Where are the venous sinuses of the horse located?
Ventral to the facial crest
111
What is the landmark for gathering a blood sample from the facial artery in horses?
The vascular notch of the mandible
112
What is the landmark for gathering blood from the transverse facial artery in horses?
Facial crest
113
What are the two branches of the common carotid artery?
Internal carotid artery and external carotid artery
114
Describe the important facial branches of the external carotid artery.
- Transverse facial comes from it - Has a linguofacial branch where the facial artery branches from
115
What are the common locations of arterial blood sampling in the head region?
- Facial artery at the facial notch on the ventral border of the mandible - Common carotid artery at the base of the neck - Transverse facial artery ventral to the temporo-mandibular joint
116
Where is the most common place pulse is taken from a horse in the head region?
From the facial artery at the facial notch on the ventral border of the mandible
117
Describe how the pulse can be taken from the transverse facial artery in horses.
Transverse facial artery is located in a horizontal depression about 1 inch caudal to the lateral canthus of the eye and just below the zygomatic arch

Veterinary Anatomy 2 (9 decks)

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