Comparative Genomics And Linkage Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is comparative genomics?
A: Comparative genomics is the study of similarities and differences in the genomes of different species to understand evolutionary relationships and functional genomics.
How much of the human genome is similar to the chimpanzee genome?
A: Humans and chimpanzees share approximately 96% similarity in their genomes.
What is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?
A: A SNP is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome among individuals.
What is the difference between a transition and a transversion mutation?
A: Transitions involve purine-to-purine (A↔G) or pyrimidine-to-pyrimidine (C↔T) changes, while transversions involve purine-to-pyrimidine (A/G↔C/T) changes.
How can comparative genomics help in reconstructing phylogenies?
A: By analyzing genetic similarities and differences, scientists can infer evolutionary relationships and construct phylogenetic trees.
Humans and chimpanzees share
96% of their genomes.
The human genome differs by about
0.1% between unrelated individuals.
There is approximately one SNP every
1000 bases.
Recombination shuffles
haplotypes each generation.
Comparative genomics can be used to study
genetic diseases.
Comparative genomics only studies differences between species.
A: False – It also examines similarities to understand conserved functions.
Phylogenetic trees are constructed using genetic distance matrices.
A: True.
Recombination occurs in haploid cells during mitosis.
A: False – Recombination occurs during meiosis in diploid cells.
All SNPs lead to changes in protein function.
A: False – Some SNPs are silent and do not alter protein function.
A group of linked genetic variants that are inherited together is called a __________.
A: Haplotype.
The process of shuffling haplotypes during meiosis is called __________.
A: Recombination.
The branch points in a phylogenetic tree represent __________.
A: Common ancestors.
A mutation that increases an organism’s fitness is said to be __________.
A: Positively selected.
What is the primary method used to measure genetic similarity?
A) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
B) DNA sequencing
C) Fluorescence microscopy
D) Southern blotting
A: B) DNA sequencing.
Which of the following is a purine?
A) Thymine
B) Cytosine
C) Adenine
D) Uracil
A: C) Adenine.
What type of mutation is most common in SNPs?
A) Transition
B) Transversion
C) Insertion
D) Deletion
A: A) Transition.
What does linkage disequilibrium describe?
A) The physical separation of alleles
B) The non-random association of alleles at different loci
C) A reduction in genetic diversity
D) An increase in mutation rates
A: B) The non-random association of alleles at different loci.
A researcher finds that individuals with a specific SNP have an increased risk of a genetic disorder. How can comparative genomics help?
A: By analyzing whether this SNP is conserved across species and its functional impact.
A scientist wants to determine the evolutionary relationship between two species. What method should they use?
A: Construct a phylogenetic tree using comparative genomic analysis.
