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English Language > Comparing Texts > Flashcards

Comparing Texts Flashcards

(106 cards)

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0
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

formation of a word, a sound that’s associate with something else

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1
Q

Alliteration

A

occurs nice of the same letter/sound at start of a word

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2
Q

Rhyme

A

correspondence of sound at the end of words

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3
Q

Assonance

A

repetition of vowel sound in neighbouring words

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4
Q

Consonance

A

reoccurrence of a sound/syllable when speaking

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5
Q

Rhythm

A

regular pattern of sound -a beat

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6
Q

Elision

A

omission of a sound/syllable when speaking -slurred eg gonna/wanna

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7
Q

Phonemes

A

distinct units of language that distinguish one word from another

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8
Q

Prosodic features

A

Mark out a key message in speech - how its said. eg volume stress pitch intonation melody tempo silent pauses voiced pauses accent diolect intrusion

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9
Q

interactional talk

A

language used in conversation to create socialisation

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10
Q

non fluency features

A

typical characteristics of spoken language that interrupt a flow eg fillers repetition overlaps false starts pauses

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11
Q

paralinguistic features

A

body language and non verbal elements that add meaning to speech eg laughter

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12
Q

phatic talk

A

small talk

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13
Q

pragmatics

A

reference to something else only understood due to context

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14
Q

repairs

A

alteration by speaker to repair false speech, clarify meaning

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15
Q

sociolect

A

social dialect used by particular group of people

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16
Q

tag question

A

turning a declarative into a question for reassurance

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17
Q

transactional talk

A

language to get things done eg exchanging goods

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18
Q

turn taking

A

orderly arrangement. minimal gaps/overlaps

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19
Q

utterance

A

complete unit of talk bounded by speakers silence

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20
Q

vague language

A

un assertive, unsure eg whatever so on

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21
Q

adjacency pairs

A

parallel expressions used from individual speaker turns eg how are you? I’m fine you?

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22
Q

back channel

A

speech etc to show speaker they’re being understood eg mhm yeah

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23
Q

contraction

A

reduced form often marked by apostrophes eg can’t she’ll won’t

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24
deixis
language that points eg here there this that
25
discourse markers
words that connect to another point e so anyway
26
ellipsis
omission of a part of a grammatical structure eg you going cinema? ARE is missing
27
false starts
begins an utterance then reforms - like repair
28
fillers
no meaning, just keeps conversion going as voiced pauses eg erm yeah like
29
Hedge
uncertainty, weakens speech eg maybe perhaps possibly
30
Idiolect
individually distinctive style of speaking
31
simple sentences
only one main clause
32
compound sentences
2 main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
33
complex sentences
main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
34
main clause
contain a verb, make sense alone
35
subordinate clause
can't stand alone
36
coordinating conjunction
words that connect a sentence eg but and or
37
subordinating conjunctions
connect a subordinate clause to main clause eg because
39
minor sentence
technically not a sentence but still make sense
40
declarative sentence
statements
41
interrogative sentences
questions
42
imperative sentences
commands
43
exclamations
interjections
44
subject
performs action of verb
45
object
what receives the action of verb
46
complement
instead of object. verb adds to subject
47
adverbials
more info about the verb, how it's doing it's action
48
denotation
central meaning of a word
49
connotation
associations with a word
50
implication
intends something but doesn't directly say it eg BUS - look there's the bus, RUN
51
ambiguity
when language has more than one meaning
52
euphemism
polite term for something harsh eg passed away - dead
53
dysphemism
unpleasant term for something eg loony bin - mental institute
54
jargon
subject specific words used by sociolect
55
taboo
offensive language
56
archaism
old/unused words
57
hyperbole
exaggeration
58
compound
two separate words that make a new word
59
blend
two words combined to make a new word eg brunch
60
anaphoric reference
words that relate to something previous said
61
cataphoric references
words that relate to something coming up
62
discourse
how text is constructed and organised
63
cohesion • grammatical • lexical
how well the text fits together • grammatical: structural content • lexical: words phrases of a text to separate it up eg Later
64
register
language suiting/appropriate for purpose
65
field
purpose of text
66
tenor
relationship between audience and producer
67
lexis
words
68
idioms
metaphorical terms eg paint the town red
69
clichés
unoriginal well known phrases
70
slang
informal speech
71
colloquialism
informal speech associated with a place
72
expletives
swear words
73
semantics (semantic field)
study of language
74
multimodal
conveying a message via text AND image
75
NOUNS
naming words
76
proper nouns
refer to places/people CAPITAL letters
77
common nouns (concrete/abstract/collective)
Less specific, refer to types of people/places • concrete: physical objects • abstract: feelings, ideas, qualities • collective: group of people/animals/objects
78
adjectives
describing words (nouns)
79
comparative
ER to adjective or MORE
80
superlative
EST to adjective
81
PRONOUNS
take place of a noun
82
Personal pronouns
relate to subject or object •SINGULAR: I/me-you-he/she/it/him/her •PLURAL: we/us-you-they/them
83
possessive pronouns
show possession • SINGULAR: mine-yours-his/hers-it's • PLURAL: ours-yours-theirs
84
reflexive pronouns
indicate objects of verb is same as the subject | • SINGULAR: myself-yourself-himself/herself/itself
85
demonstrative pronouns
sense of pointing: this that these those
86
indefinite pronouns
don't refer to anything specifically eg someone/anyone/none/everything
87
relative pronouns
act like linking words eg who whom whose which that
88
prepositions
indicate how something relates to another, relationship between noun that CDs after it. POSITION - at on opposite DIRECTION - into past to TIME - before during after
89
determiners
precede mounds referring directly to them - definite: the - indefinite: an/a - possessive: my/our/your/his/her/it's/their - demonstrative: this/that/these/those
90
graphology (typography)
visual elements • typography: font size/styles - space/empty space - shape - images • iconic: direct image of what it represents • symbolic: association with what it represents
91
Noun phrases
don't usually stand alone. noun - head word. PREMODIFIERS: words before noun POSTMODIFIERS: words after noun
92
verbs
doing words TO BE infinitive verb
93
main verb
clause or sentence that expresses main meaning
94
auxiliary verbs
helping verbs placed in front of main verb PRIMARY: be have do MODAL: can/could will/would shall/should may/might must
95
active verbs
person/thing doing the action is emphasised as subject of verb
96
passive verbs
emphasis shifts to the object
97
adverbs
extra info on verbs 'Y'
98
conditional stems
used with modals eg if providing unless as long as
99
dynamic verb
relate to action
100
statice verb
state of being rather than actions
101
transitive verbs
followed by direct object
102
intransitive verb
cannot take a direct object/doesn't have to
103
ideology
belief system
104
epistemic modality
possibility/probability shall/will
105
deontic modality
obligation/necessity must/may
106
interrogative pronouns
when asking a question eg who whom whose which what

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