comparison of approach

Question 1

free will vs determinism - biological

Answer 1

Biological Determinism: The
biological approach suggests that behaviour is controlled (biologically determined by tactors such as: genes,
neurotransmitters, hormones and
brain structures.

Question 2

free will vs determinism - behaviourist

Answer 2

Environmental Determinism: The behaviourist approach suggests that
behaviour is determined by stimulus-
response conditioning (e.g. classical/ operant conditioning).

Question 3

free will vs determinism - SLT

Answer 3

Soft Determinism: SLT
acknowledges the role of environmental forces (vicarious reinforcement) but suggests that
humans have personal responsibility
and have some free choice

Question 4

free will vs determinism - cognitive

Answer 4

Soft Determinism: The cognitive approach suggests that behaviour is the result of mediationa processes
however human can choose what
information they attend to

Question 5

free will vs determinism - psychodynamic

Answer 5

Physic Determinism: According to the psychodynamic approach, behaviour is determined by unconscious drives and early childhood experiences.

Question 6

free will vs determinism - humanist

Answer 6

Free Will: The humanist approach is the only approach that suggest that humans control their own environment and are capable of change.

Question 7

nature vs nurture - biological

Answer 7

Nature: The biological approach argues that behaviour is determined by biological factors such as: genes, neurotransmitters, hormones and brain structures.

Question 8

nature vs nurture - behaviourist

Answer 8

Nurture: The behaviourist approach argues that human beings are born as a tabula rasa (blank slate) and behaviour is learned.

Question 9

nature vs nurture - SLT

Answer 9

Nurture: SLT suggests that behaviour is learnt via classical and operant conditioning and doesn’t take into account biological factors.

Question 10

nature vs nurture - cognitive

Answer 10

Nature & Nurture: The cognitive approach suggests that information processing is modified as a result of experience.

Question 11

nature vs nurture - psychodynamic

Answer 11

Mostly Nature: The psychodynamic approach suggests that behaviour is caused by innate drives (e.g. ID), although early childhood experiences also shape our behaviour.

Question 12

nature vs nurture - humaist

Answer 12

Mostly Nurture: The humanist approaches argues that humans have an innate drive to self-actualise, however the environment and our experiences shape this journey.

Question 13

reductionism vs holism - biological

Answer 13

Biological Reductionism: The biological approach reduces behaviour to biological structures/processes and ignores the whole.

Question 14

reductionism vs holism - behaviourist

Answer 14

Environmental Reductionism: The behaviourist approach reduces behaviour to simple stimulus-response associations.

Question 15

reductionism vs holism - SLT

Answer 15

This approach or theory shares elements of both the behaviourist and cognitive approach.

Question 16

reductionism vs holism - cognitive

Answer 16

Experimental Reductionism: The cognitive approach studies cognitive processes (e.g. memory/attention) in isolation, reducing behaviour and processes into isolated variables for testing.

Question 17

reductionism vs holism - psychodynamic

Answer 17

Reductionism & Holism: The psychodynamic approach suggests that behaviour is reduced to innate drives (e.g. ID), however the approach also takes into account all aspects of human behaviour.

Question 18

reductionism vs holism - humanist

Answer 18

Holism: The humanist approach rejects scientific methods of investigation and focuses on understanding all aspects of human experience and interaction.

Question 19

idiographic vs nomothetic - biological

Answer 19

Nomothetic: The biological approach suggests that humans share sirnilar physiology and that we can make universal laws regarding behaviour.
Laboratory experiments are used to generate quantitative data to make generalisations.

Question 20

idiographic vs nomothetic - behaviourist

Answer 20

Nomothetic: The behaviourist approach creates general laws of behaviour (cause & effect, stimulus-response relationships) and uses laboratory experiments to generate quantitative data to make generalisations.

Question 21

idiographic vs nomothetic - SLT

Answer 21

Nomothetic: SLT aims to establish general laws of behaviour (e.g. through observation, imitation of role models and reinforcement). SLT uses laboratory experiments to generate quantitative data to make generalisations.

Question 22

idiographic vs nomothetic - cognitive

Answer 22

Nomothetic: The cognitive approach typically uses nomothetic approaches to establish general laws of cognitive processing. However, case studies are sometimes used (e.g. patient KF, HM, etc.) utilising idiographic approaches.

Question 23

idiographic vs nomothetic - psychodynamic

Answer 23

Nomothetic & Idiographic: The psychodynamic approach uses nomothetic approaches to create general laws about innate drives however, it also takes into account the unique experience of early childhood experiences (idiographic).

Question 24

idiographic vs nomothetic - humanist

Answer 24

Idiographic: The humanistic approach is the only approach to focus on subjective human experience and makes no attempt to generalise.

Question 25

scientific - biological

Answer 25

Scientific: The biological approach promotes scientific methods of investigation.

Question 26

scientific - behaviourist

Answer 26

Scientific: The behaviourist approach utilises scientific methods to investigate key concepts like classical/ operant conditioning

Question 27

scientific - SLT

Answer 27

Mostly Scientific: SLT utilises scientific methods of investigation, which researcher can replicate (e.g.
Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment).
However, SLT also considers mediational processes which researchers are unable to directly observe.

Question 28

scientific - cognitive

Answer 28

Mostly Scientific: The cognitive
approach utilises scientific methods of
investigation (e.g. studies of memory). However, researchers are unable to directly observe cognitive processes.

Question 29

scientific - psychodynamic

Answer 29

Not Scientific: The psychodynamic approach uses many concepts/ theories which can not be empirically tested (e.g. ID). Therefore, an re idiographic approach is often taken and there is a large element of subjective interpretation.

Question 30

scientific - humanist

Answer 30

Not Scientific: The humanistic approach reject scientific methods and therefore is unable to provide empirical evidence to support it’s theories.

Question 31

real-world application - biological

Answer 31

The biological approach has led to the development of numerous drug therapies to treat disorders like: OCD,
Schizophrenia, etc.

Question 32

real-world application - behaviourist

Answer 32

The behaviourist approach has led to the development of numerous treatments, like systematic desensitisation, flooding and aversion therapy.

Question 33

real-world application - SLT

Answer 33

SLT is able to explain many psychological disorders including; eating disorders and aggression and has led to positive change (e.g. the introduction of the watershed on TV, etc).

Question 34

real-world application - cognitive

Answer 34

The cognitive approach has led to the development of
numerous treatments, including cognitive behavioural therapy.
Furthermore, the cognitive approach has helped improve the accuracy and reliability of EWT.

Question 35

real-world application - psychodynamic

Answer 35

The psychodynamic approach has led to the develooment of treatments such as psychoanalysis, however the positive impact/application of this treatment is questionable.

Question 36

real-world application - humanist

Answer 36

The humanist approach has led to the development of Client Centred Therapy which is used to treat a range of psychological disorders.