Comparison Of Approaches Flashcards
(5 cards)
Views on development
-psychodynamic presents most coherent theory, specific psychosexual stages determined by age, very little further development once in genital stage
-stage theories within cognitive, form increasingly complex schemas
-maturation in bio, genetically determined changes in physiological status influence psych and behavioural characteristics
-humanistic: development of self as ongoing throughout life, child’s relationship with parents key determinant of psych health
-behaviourist and SLT no coherent stage theories of development but processes that underpin learning as continuous
Nature vs nurture
-behaviourists see babies as blank slates at birth and suggest all behaviour comes about through learned associations via reinforcement (nurture)
-SLT nurture via observation and imitation
-bio argues that anatomy is destiny and behaviour is the result of a genetic blueprint inherited
-psychodynamic both: behaviour driven by bio drives and instincts but also relationships with parents play fundamental role
-humanistic: parents, friends and wider society have critical impact on person’s self-concept
-cognitive: recognise many of our info processing abilities and schemes are innate, constantly refined through experience
Reductionism
-behaviourist: environ reductionism as breaks up complex behaviour into stimulus-response units to test in lab
-bio: bio reductionist, explains human behaviour at the level of gene/neurone
-psychodynamic: reduces much of our behaviour to influence of sexual drives and bio instincts but argument that personality is dynamic interaction between 3 parts of personality viewed as more holistic
-cognitive: machine reductionism by presenting people as info processing systems and ignoring influence of emotion on behaviour
-SLT: reduce complex learning to handful of key processes (imitation,modelling) but also place emphasis on cognitive factors that mediate learning and how these interact with external influences
-humanistic: holistic approach, investigates all aspects of individual and rejects any attempt to break up behaviour into its constituent parts
Determinism (all behaviour has an internal/external cause)
-behaviourist: environmentally determinist as external influences we are unable to control
-bio: bio determinism, much of our behaviour is directed by innate influences
-psychodynamic: psychic determinism, cannot know the unconscious forces that drive our behaviour
-cognitive: soft, we are the choosers of our own thoughts and behaviours yet these choices can only operate within the limits of what we know and have experienced
-SLT: reciprocal determinism, as well as being influenced by our environ we also exert some influence upon it through the behaviours we choose to perform
-humanistic: human beings essentially self determining and operate as active agents who determine their own development
Explanation and treatment of abnormal behaviour
-behaviourist: arises from maladaptive or faulty learning, inappropriate patterns of behaviour have been reinforced, treated eg SD take symptom based approach have been applied to treatment of phobias
-SLT: modelling and observational learning used to explain how negative behaviours eg aggression may be learned through influence of dysfunctional role models
-Freud: anxiety disorders emerge from unconscious conflict, childhood trauma and overuse of defence mechanisms, psychoanalysis but requires considerable input from patient in terms of time and ability to talk about and reflect on emotions
-cognitive: eg CBT aims to identify and eradicate faulty thinking which is assumed to be root cause of maladaptive behaviour
-humanistic therapy: Rogers’ closing gap between self-concept and ideal self will stimulate personal growth
-bio: revolutionised treatment of mental disorders through development of drug therapy which regulates chemical imbalances in brain
