comparisons

Question 1

free will vs determinism - biological

Answer 1

biological determinism

behaviour is controlled by internal biological factors

Question 2

free will vs determinism - behaviourism

Answer 2

environmental determinism

behaviour is controlled by stimulus-response conditioning

Question 3

free will vs determinism - slt

Answer 3

soft determinism

behaviour is controlled by environmental processes but humans do have free will in what they emulate

Question 4

free will vs determinism - cognitive

Answer 4

soft determinism

behaviour is controlled by meditational processes but humans can choose what information they attend to

Question 5

free will vs determinism - psychodynamic

Answer 5

psychic determinism

behaviour is determined by unconscious drives and psychosexual development

Question 6

free will vs determinism - humanistic

Answer 6

free will

humans control their own environment and are capable/wanting to change

Question 7

nature vs nurture - biological

Answer 7

nature

all behaviour is the result of innate biological factors

Question 8

nature vs nurture - behaviourism

Answer 8

nurture

humans are born as tabula rasa and all their behaviour is learnt

Question 9

nature vs nurture - slt

Answer 9

nurture

behaviour is learnt from observation and vicarious reinforcement

Question 10

nature vs nurture - cognitive

Answer 10

interactionist

behaviour is the product of information processing and modified by experience

Question 11

nature vs nurture - psychodynamic

Answer 11

interactionist

behaviour is the result of innate drives but shaped by early childhood experiences

Question 12

nature vs nurture - humanistic

Answer 12

mostly nurture

behaviour shaped by the environment but self-actualisation is believed to be the innate goal of every person

Question 13

reductionism vs holism - biological

Answer 13

biological reductionism

behaviour is broken down into biological processes

Question 14

reductionism vs holism - behaviourism

Answer 14

environmental reductionism

behaviour is broken down into stimulus-response patterns

Question 15

reductionism vs holism - slt

Answer 15

soft reductionism

shares elements of behaviourist and cognitive approach

Question 16

reductionism vs holism - cognitive

Answer 16

experimental reductionism

behaviour is studied isolated from other aspects of the brain

Question 17

reductionism vs holism - psychodynamic

Answer 17

interactionist

behaviour is reduced to innate drives while considering multiple aspects of human behaviour

Question 18

reductionism vs holism - humanism

Answer 18

holism

focuses on understanding all aspects of human experience and interaction

Question 19

idiographic and nomothetic - biological

Answer 19

nomothetic

universal laws can be created as humans share similar physiologies

Question 20

idiographic and nomothetic - behaviourism

Answer 20

nomothetic

universal laws can be created as all behaviour is motivated by stimulus-response

Question 21

idiographic and nomothetic - learning theory

Answer 21

nomothetic

universal laws can be created as everyone can be subject to vicarious reinforcement

Question 22

idiographic and nomothetic - cognitive

Answer 22

interactionist

attempts to establish universal laws of cognitive processing but takes idiographic approach with case studies

Question 23

idiographic and nomothetic - psychodynamic

Answer 23

interactionist

attempts to establish universal laws of innate drives but considers unique experiences of the individual

Question 24

idiographic and nomothetic - humanism

Answer 24

idiographic

focuses on the individual human experience with no attempt to create general laws

Question 25

views on development

Answer 25

psychodynamic - coherent - concepts and processes to stages determined by age cognitive - contributed to understanding of development eg children form increasingly complex schemas as they get older biological approach - genetically determined changes in child’s physiological status influence psychological and behavioural characteristics humanistic - development of self is ongoing throughout life - childhood particular important - relationship with parent important in terms of unconditional positive regard behaviourist and slt - do not offer coherent stage theories of development - see processes that underpin learning as continuous - occurring at any age

Question 26

explanation and treatment of psychological disorders

Answer 26

behaviourist - abnormality as arising from maladaptive or faulty learning so destructive patterns reinforced - systematic desensitisation aim to condition new, more healthy responses slt - relatively little application to treatment - principles of modelling and observational learning used to explain negative behaviours eg aggression - influence of dysfunctional models psychodynamic - freud saw anxiety disorders as emerging from unconscious conflict, childhood trauma and overuse of defence mechanisms - psychoanalysis - some success as therapy but not appropriate for everyone due to time, ability to talk and reflection on emotions cognitive - cognitive therapy - more effective and applicable eg CBT for depression - aims to identify and eradicate faulty thinking assumed to be cause of maladaptive behaviour humanist - humanistic therapy based on roger’s philosophy that closing gap between self-concept and ideal self will increase self-esteem and stimulate personal growth - effective biological - drug therapy regulating chemical imbalances in brain