Competency 21: History Flashcards
Native American Groups of the Western Hemisphere
Incas, Mayas & Aztecs
Incas
ruled Ecuador to northern Chile.
Aztecs
Dominated northern Mexico
Mayas
Lived in the rainforests of Guatemala
Native American Groups of Texas
Caddo, Coahuiltecans, Karankawas, Tonkawa, Lipan Apache, Comanche, Kiowa, Pueblo, Jumano, Concho, Tigua
Caddo
Gulf Coastal Plains native American group. Built the first buildings in Texas-beehive shaped huts made from wooden frames with grass or reeds; also known for advanced farming methods.
Karankawas
Gulf Coastal Plains native American group. Created dugout canoes, small ships carved from the trunks of trees. Dependent on fishing.
Coahuiltecans
Gulf Coastal Plains native American group. Nomadic hunters and trappers, enslaved Cabeza de Vaca and other Spanish explorers.
Lipan Apaches and Comanche
Plains nation native American group. Buffalo hunters who tamed wild mustangs, becoming skilled horsemen.
Pueblo
Mountains and Basins native American group. Sedentary tribe. Built elaborate homes and cities using adobe bricks.
French colonial claims in Americas
Claimed land in Canada, around the Great Lakes, and all along the Mississippi River.
Spanish colonial claims in Americas
Claimed territory that is now Texas, New Mexico, and Central & South America.
English colonial claims in Americas
Established colonies in the Caribbean, and 13 colonies along the east coast of America.
Reasons for European Exploration
To locate a new passage to the Far East (for trade).
To map uncharted areas.
To find treasure (gold, silver, gems, artifacts) .
To claim new lands and set up colonies.
To convert people to Christianity.
Columbus
(1492,1493,1498)
Led expeditions to South America for Spain.
Landed in South America.
Opened cultural exchange between the east and the west (Columbian exchange).
De Pineda
(1519)
Led first expedition into Texas.
Explored Gulf Coasts for Spain (Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico)
De Vaca
(1527-1535)
Part of a Spanish mission to claim land along the Gulf, he became stranded in Florida when his ships did not return from a supply run to Cuba.
Built rafts and skirted the coast, eventually wrecking near East Island, Louisiana; continued on foot with a slave called Esteban, eventually coming to Texas.
Encountered Caddo Indians near Houston; impressed with their sophistication and tales of wealth inland, he mapped and wrote about area, creating our first written record of America.
His tales of Cibola, fabled city of gold, influenced subsequent explorers.
Coronado
(1540-1542) Sent by Spain to find fabled city of gold Traveled much of Tx panhandle 1st Europeans to see Palo Duro Canyon went home empty handed
La Salle
(1682-1685)
French explorer who led expedition in 1682 from a French colony in Canada down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming land for France on both sides of the river.
In 1684, led another expedition from France to start a colony at the mouth of Mississippi, sailed past it and mistakenly landed in Texas.
Built 1st French colony in Texas, Ft. St. Louis, near Galveston.
Jamestown, Virginia
(1607)
First permanent English colony. In less than 6 months, more than half of the settlers had died from disease, starvation, and attacks from Natives.
Plymouth, Massachusetts
(1620)
Pilgrims set up a strict, parochial colony of Puritans.
Rhode Island
Roger Williams set up colony that advocated religious freedom for all, including indians.
Pennsylvania
William Penn established a colony for Quakers. Opposed violence, slavery, and war, and advocated religious tolerance for all.
William Bradford
2nd governor of Plymouth colony. Ordered 1st Thanksgiving in 1621, sharing harvest with the Wampanoag Indians.
Roger Williams
Banished from Plymouth colony, advocated religious freedom, established Rhode Island colony.
John Smith
Established trade relations with the Powhatan Indians;bargained for food for starving Plymouth settlers.
Pocahontas
Daughter of the Chief of the Powhatan Indians. Convinced father to spare John Smith & help the settlers.
John Rolfe
Member of Jamestown, began tobacco industry in America; married Pocahontas and brought her to England ensuring peace with the Powhatan Indians.
Squanto
A Pawtuxet Indian who taught the Plymouth Pilgrims how to hunt, fish, and grow crops.
The Mayflower Compact
An agreement written on the Mayflower which carried the Pilgrims to America. Established the governing laws of the new colonies.
Spanish Missions were built to…
Solidify Spain’s territorial claims
Open and protect trade routes
Spread Christian faith to natives
provide safe center for working and learning
French & Indian War
(1754-1763)
Conflict between British & French colonies, instigated issues between the colonists & England, which eventually led to the American Revolution.
Most Native Americans sided with the French, fearing the British would take their homeland.
The British won.
Causes of the French & Indian War
Britain and France were at war, causing conflict between their colonies in America.
The British colonies wanted land owned by the French colonists -for fur trading.
Results of the French & Indian War
France lost the majority of its territory & power in North America.
Englands land expanded to include all of the French lands east of the Mississippi river, except New Orleans, which became Spanish territory
Spain’s holdings expanded to include all of the French territory west of the Mississippi River, and New Orleans.
England tightened its hold on the colonies, restricting freedom and levying large taxes to help offset the costs of the war.
The American Revolution
(1776-1785)
Conflict between England & American colonists, aided by France over taxation without representation. In 1781, British general Cornwallis surrendered to Washington after the Battle of Yorktown. War officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Causes of American Revolution
Progressively direct, internal taxes were levied against the colonists in order to provide support to mother England. In order to keep peace with the Natives, Parliament passed The Proclamation of 1763, pissing colonists off.
In 1765, the Stamp Act was passed, which levied taxes against the colonists on almost everything printed on paper. This law united colonists against British rule.
Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767, which taxed items. colonists refused to buy them.
In 1768, Boston Massacre fueled fires for colonial independence.
Tea Act of 1773, forbade colonists from buying non-english tea. Dec. 16th-Boston Tea Party.
England punished colonists by passing more rigid laws, causing revolt. Colonists dubbed new laws “Intolerable Acts” and held 1st & 2nd continental congresses.
Began to form continental army, led by George Washington.
Results of American Revolution
The colonies became an independent nation, the USA.
Britain recognized the new country and gave up rights to the land east of the Mississippi River, to Canada in the north, and Florida in the south.
A new government was elected.
The Declaration of Independence
Stated that governments must recognize civil rights. Governments are formed to protect their citizens’ rights. Spelled out the insults, abuse, taxation, issues, and other problems colonists had under British rule.
Stated colonists intent to form a new government.
The Articles of Confederation
First American Constitution.
Provided for a government with no monarch.
A weak central government and stronger state governments.
Each state decided for itself, and issues that affected sll were decided by a majority vote.
The Constitution
The highest law in the US.
Provides for citizens to elect their representing officials.
Provides for the sharing of power between state and national governments.
Designated branches of government- legislative (congress), executive (president), and judicial (the supreme court).
Delineates a system of checks and balances, whereby each branch can be controlled by the other 2 branches.
The Bill of Rights
Safeguards the rights of the people.
Guarantees basic rights - freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion.
The War of 1812
War fought between Britain and US. During the war, the British captured and burned Washington, D.C. though the US eventually won. Set the stage for other nations to recognize the US as a viable, independent country.
Causes of War of 1812
England & France were capturing US ships and interfering with trade.
US believed England was still interfering with the colonies as well as providing weapons to the natives.
US wanted to take new territories- Canada and Florida.
Results of War of 1812
England recognized US boundaries.
American industry flourished because Americans had to make their own goods as opposed to relying on imports from England.
The US became recognized by other countries.
Manifest Destiny
Belief that encompassed the idea that America was destined by God to encompass the land from the east coast to the Pacific ocean.
