Completed_Final_Study_Guide

Question 1

Final Study Guide - Completed

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Chapter 4

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Definitions:

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F0: Fundamental frequency; the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform

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representing the vibration rate of the vocal folds.

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Amplitude Spectrum: A graph showing the amplitudes of different frequency components in a sound.

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Amplitude Spectrum of the Glottal Source

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Displays how energy is distributed across the harmonics produced by the vibrating vocal folds.

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Harmonic Spacing: The distance in Hz between harmonics

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determined by F0.

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Spectral Slope:

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The rate at which amplitude decreases with increasing frequency in the spectrum.

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Voice Quality Parameters:

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Characteristics like breathiness roughness

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Breathiness

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air leakage through completely closed vocal folds

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Roughness:

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Irregular vibrations of the vocal folds.

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Hoarseness:

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Combination of breathiness and roughness.

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HNR (Harmonics-to-Noise Ratio):

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Ratio of periodic to aperiodic components in voice; higher HNR indicates clearer voice.

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Pulse register

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low creaky voice

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Modal register

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Typical speaking register with full vocal fold vibration.

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Falsetto

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High-pitched voice with only the edges of vocal folds vibrating.

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• Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of Phonation:

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Vocal folds vibrate due to the interaction between muscular tension and aerodynamic forces

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• Developmental Profile of F0:

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F0 decreases from infancy to adulthood due to vocal fold lengthening; rises again in older age.

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• Pitch vs. Amplitude Spectrum:

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As pitch increases harmonics are spaced farther apart

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• Measuring Voice Quality: Use tools like acoustic analysis (HNR

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jitter

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• Amplitude Spectrum (glottal source):

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Peaks at harmonics decreasing in amplitude with increasing frequency (spectral slope).

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• Draw Male

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Female

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• Male: Lower F0

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harmonics closer.

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• Female: Higher F0

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wider harmonic spacing.

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- Child: Even higher F0 and spacing.

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* Draw Pulse

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Modal

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- Pulse: Low

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irregular pattern.

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- Modal: Regular

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moderate spacing.

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- Falsetto: Wider spacing

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lower amplitude.

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* Voice Quality Measurement Pre/Post Intervention:

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- Record pre-treatment sample.

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- Analyze using jitter

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shimmer

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- Use perceptual rating scales.

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- Repeat post-intervention and compare.

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Chapter 5

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Definitions and Concepts:

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MPFR (Maximum Phonational Frequency Range): The range from the lowest to highest pitch a person can produce.

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SFF (Speaking F0): The average F0 during normal speech.

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F0SD: Standard deviation of F0; indicates pitch variability.

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Amplitude of Speech: Loudness level during speech.

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Average Amplitude: Mean loudness across a speech sample.

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Amplitude Variability: Variation in loudness over time.

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Dynamic Range: Difference between softest and loudest voice a person can produce.

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Voice Range Profile: A graph showing a person�s pitch and loudness capabilities.

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Perturbation: Cycle-to-cycle variability in frequency and amplitude.

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Jitter: Frequency perturbation.

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Shimmer: Amplitude perturbation.

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HNR: Harmonics-to-noise ratio; higher values indicate clearer voice.

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Summary (page 191)

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Focus on describing normal variability in speech (frequency

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amplitude)

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Review Exercises (page 192)

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Review questions 1 and 6 for application and conceptual reinforcement.

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Integrative Case Study 1 (page 191)

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Q1: Assess baseline voice using MPFR

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SFF

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Q2: Determine treatment goals and post-intervention measurements.

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Chapter 6

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Definitions and Concepts:

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Filter: The vocal tract shapes the sound from the glottal source.

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Source: The glottal signal produced by vocal fold vibration.

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Source-Filter Theory: Voice production is modeled as a source (vocal folds) modified by a filter (vocal tract).

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Vowel Space: Area defined by formants (F1

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F2) that shows how vowels are acoustically distinguished.

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Vowel Shifts: Systematic changes in vowel production across regions or age groups (e.g.

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Palo Alto Teenagers).

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Monophthong vs. Diphthong: Monophthong: Single vowel sound.

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Diphthong: Vowel glide between two positions.

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Stops: Characterized by formant transition

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aspiration

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VOT (Voice Onset Time): Includes pre-voicing

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short lag

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Spectral Emphasis of Stops: Energy concentration in certain frequency ranges depending on place of articulation.

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Fricatives: Characterized by frication

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turbulence

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Affricate vs. Fricative: Affricates begin as stops and end as fricatives; shorter fricative component in affricates.

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Nasals: Include nasal murmur

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anti-formants

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Coarticulation: Overlap of articulatory gestures for adjacent sounds.

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Suprasegmentals: Prosodic features including intonation

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stress