Complex Lipids and Prostoglandins

Question 1

What are the main differences between the two main phospholipids?

Answer 1

• one class has glycerol as its backbone (glycerophospholipids)
• one class has sphingosine as its backbone (sphingolipids)

Question 2

all phosphoglycerides contain a ____ on carbon number ___

Answer 2

phosphate group on the 3rd carbon

Question 3

where is the head group located on the phosphoglycerides??

Answer 3

attached to the phosphate group which is on carbon number 3

Question 4

T or F: cardiolipin is found in both eukaryotes and bacteria?

Answer 4

true

Question 5

T or F: Two molecules of PA esterified through their
phosphate groups to an additional molecule of
glycerol is called cardiolipin

Answer 5

True

Question 6

where is cardiolipin found in eukaryotes?

Answer 6

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 7

what antibodies would arise if the immune system found cardiolipin?

Answer 7

Treponema pallidum, the organism that causes

syphilis

Question 8

What is structurally different about plasmalogens?

Answer 8

at carbon number 1, there is an ether linkage to an alkene

Question 9

The function of plasmalogens versus
diacylphospholipids is not clear, but there is
some evidence that _____ are more resistant to
oxidative damage, which may provide
protection against oxidative stress in tissues
with active aerobic metabolism.

Answer 9

plasmalogens

Question 10

what is unique structurally about platelet-activating factor?

Answer 10

at carbon 1, there is an alkane linked via ether to glycerol backbone
AND
acetyl residue (rather than a
fatty acid) at carbon 2 of the glycerol backbone

Question 11

what does platelet activating factor do?

Answer 11

It binds to surface receptors, triggering potent thrombotic and acute inflammatory events

Question 12

who does the following:
activates inflammatory cells and mediates
hyper-sensitivity, acute inflammatory, and
anaphylactic reactions. It causes platelets to
aggregate and degranulate, and neutrophils and
alveolar macrophages to generate superoxide
radicals

Answer 12

platelet-activating factor

Question 13

Sphingolipids are _____compounds
built on a core structure of the long chain
amino alcohol ______.

Answer 13

• amphipathic

- sphingosine

Question 14

What is the backbone of sphingomyelin?

Answer 14

sphingosine

Question 15

On which sphingophospholipid is the X or variable head?

Answer 15

carbon 1

Question 16

what is the only significant sphingophospholipid in

humans?

Answer 16

sphingomyelin

Question 17

A key concept in phosphoglyceride synthesis,
therefore, is ______— either of diacyl -
glycerol or the alcohol to be added - by linkage
with ____

Answer 17

• activation

- CDP

Question 18

which phospholipid does not require activation?

Answer 18

Sphingomyelin does not have an activation process!!

Question 19

True or False: All phospholipid synthesis requires an activation process through CDP

Answer 19

False. Sphingomyelin does not

Question 20

____ is the primary
starting material for synthesis of
phophatidic acid.

Answer 20

Glycerol 3-phosphate

Question 21

dipalmitoyl -phosphatidylcholine ( DPPC, or dipalmitoyl lecithin)

Answer 21

made and secreted by Type II pneumocytes, is the major lipid component of lung surfactant

Question 22

what is It is the most valuable assay for the assessment of fetal pulmonary maturity.

Answer 22

Quantitation of Pulmonary Surfactant: L/S Ratio:

Question 23

An L/S ration of ___ is associateed with pulmonary maturity

Answer 23

A ratio of 2.0 or greater has repeatedly been associated

with pulmonary maturity.

Question 24

Niemann-Pick Disease

Answer 24

deficiency in sphingomyelinase
enlarged liver and spleen filled with lipid
-severe mental retardation and neurodegeneration
-death in early childhood

Question 25

where does phospholipase A1 cut?

Answer 25

after the O but before the C=O on the ester bond on carbon 1

Question 26

where does phospholipase A 2 cut?

Answer 26

after the O but before the C=O of the carbon 2

Question 27

where does phospholipase C cut?

Answer 27

go to carbon 3, go to the O and cuts between O and P

Question 28

glycosphingolipids are essential components of all membranes in the body, but they are found in greatest amounts in ____tissue

Answer 28

nerve

Question 29

The glycosphingolipids differ from sphingomyelin in that they do not contain ____

Answer 29

phosphate

Question 30

Prostaglandins, and the related compounds thromboxanes and leukotrienes, are collectively known as eicosanoids to reflect their origin from polyunsaturated fatty acids with___ carbons

Answer 30

20

Question 31

what makes prostaglandins different from hormones

Answer 31

- produced in nearly every tissue | - they act locally

Question 32

The dietary precursor of the prostaglandins is the essential fatty acid, ______, an ω - 6 fatty acid.

Answer 32

linoleic acid

Question 33

describe the synthesis of PGs

Answer 33

linoleic acid ---(desaturation and elongation)---> arachidonic acid ----(COX)--->PGG2 --- (peridoxase) -----> PGH2

Question 34

where do aspirin and ibuprofen specifically inhibit COX?

Answer 34

at the cyclogenase activity of COX

Question 35

Which one? COX - ___ is made constitutively in most tissues, and is required for maintenance of healthy gastric tissue, renal homeostasis, and platelet aggregation

Answer 35

COX-1

Question 36

COX - ___ is inducible in a limited number of | tissues in response to products of activated immune and inflammatory cells

Answer 36

2

Question 37

_____inhibits phospholipase A2 activity and, therefore, the precursor of the prostaglandins, arachidonic acid, is not made available from membrane phospholipids

Answer 37

cortisol (a steroidal anti - inflammatory agent) inhibits phospholipase A2 activity and, therefore, the precursor of the prostaglandins, arachidonic acid, is not made available from membrane phospholipids

Question 38

______ inhibit both COX - 1 and COX - 2 and, thus, prevent the synthesis of the parent prostaglandin, PGH2

Answer 38

Aspirin, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone ( all nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agents [ NSAIDS])

Question 39

Leukotrienes are mediators of ___ and ___.

Answer 39

allergic response and inflammation

Question 40

True or False: NSAIDs inhibit the synthesis of leukotrienes

Answer 40

False. Their synthesis is not affected by | NSAIDs.

Question 41

Inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene receptor antagonists are used in the treatment of ____.

Answer 41

asthma

Question 42

``` Thromboxane A2 ( TXA2) is produced by ____ in activated platelets ```

Answer 42

COX - 1

Question 43

Prostacyclin (PGI2), produced by ____ in vascular endothelial cells, inhibits platelet aggregation and stimulates vasodilation, and so impedes thrombogenesis

Answer 43

COX - 2