Complications of diabetes

Question 1

What causes the chronic impact of diabetes?

Answer 1

The development of macrovascular and microvascular complications.

Question 2

What factors are associated with risk of diabetes complications?

Answer 2

Length of diabetes duration

Control of diabetes

Genetics

Question 3

What is microvascular disease related to?

Answer 3

Duration and severity of hyperglycemia

Question 4

Diabetes is the most frequent cause of new cases of blindness among adults aged 20 to 74

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common cause of lower limb amputation

TRUE or FALSE

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?

Answer 6

Myocardial infarctions

Question 7

What percentage of ESRD patients are diabetics?

Answer 7

40%

Question 8

Which organs are primarily affected by microvascular complications?

Answer 8

Eye

Kidney

Neuropathy

Question 9

Which organs are primarily affected by macrovascular complications?

Answer 9

Brain

Heart

Extremities

Question 10

What are microvascular complications?

Answer 10

Small blood vessel damage which occurs when blood glucose levels have been persistently high over a long period of time

Question 11

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the eye?

Answer 11

Retinopathy

Cataracts

Question 12

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the kidneys?

Answer 12

Nephropathy

Question 13

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the feet?

Answer 13

Neuropathy

Question 14

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the sexual organs?

Answer 14

Erectile dysfunction

High risk pregnancies

Question 15

What are the consequences of microvascular complications in the digestive system?

Answer 15

Autonomic neuropathy

Gastroparesis

Question 16

What percentage of type I diabetics present with diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 16

90%

Question 17

What is diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 17

Proliferative complication caused by the growth of new blood vessels to compensate for poor blood supply

Question 18

What is the main treatment used to prevent microvascular complications?

Answer 18

Intensive therapy to maintain blood glucose at normal healthy levels

Question 19

What are macrovascular complications?

Answer 19

Caused by damage of the large blood vessels

Question 20

What are the risk factors of macrovascular complications?

Answer 20

Occurs as a result of diabetes, raised cholesterol, high blood pressure and smoking

Question 21

What are the consequences of macrovascular complications on the heart?

Answer 21

Angina

Heart attacks

Question 22

What are the consequences of macrovascular complications on the circulation?

Answer 22

Atherosclerosis

Question 23

What are the consequences of macrovascular complications on the brain?

Answer 23

Stroke

Cerebrovascular disease

Question 24

What are the main types of management used to control diabetes?

Answer 24

Assessment of blood glucose

Self-monitoring

Blood-glucose-lowering therapies

Management of blood lipids

CV risk assessment

Blood pressure management

Question 25

What interventions have led to a reduction in the incidence of diabetes complications?

Answer 25

Regular screening Better treatments for diabetes Lower targets for blood glucose

Question 26

What is the best therapy to treat diabetes?

Answer 26

Aggressive therapy

Question 27

What does diabetic control refer to?

Answer 27

The extent to which metabolism in the diabetic person differs from that in the non-diabetic person Focused on blood glucose measurements

Question 28

What is classified as good glucose control?

Answer 28

Near normal blood glucose concentrations throughout the day

Question 29

How is glucose control assessed?

Answer 29

HbA1c

Question 30

What are the different types of insulin available?

Answer 30

Short-acting Rapid-acting Intermediate-acting Long-acting

Question 31

Where are the areas of the body where insulin is absorbed the fastest?

Answer 31

Lower stomach Thighs

Question 32

Where are the areas of the body where insulin is absorbed the slowest?

Answer 32

Buttocks Back of the arm

Question 33

What is hyperglycaemia?

Answer 33

State of severe uncontrolled diabetes Caused by insulin deficiency

Question 34

What is hypoglycaemia?

Answer 34

State of low blood glucose levels Common side-effect of insulin treatment

Question 35

What are insulin delivery systems?

Answer 35

Pumps that deliver continuous subcutaneous insulin infusions Infuse insulin at variable rates Mimics non-diabetic insulin secretion through basal rate and is boosted in meal times

Question 36

What types of diabetes medications are available?

Answer 36

Glucose-lowering tablets Glucose-lowering injections Insulin