Complications of orthopedic surgery (McConky)

Question 1

Delayed unions

Answer 1

Failure to heal in time frame
Slow progression
Eventual union possible without surgical intervention

Question 2

Where does the blood supply originate from in a fracture to the callus

Answer 2

Soft tissue around the fracture

Question 3

What must happen for a soft callus to become a hard callus

Answer 3

Stable conditions

Question 4

Biologic causes of delayed union

Answer 4

insufficient vascularity

infection

Question 5

Mechanical causes of delayed union

Answer 5

Inadequate reduction and fixation

Excessive activity

Question 6

Nonunion

Answer 6

failure to achieve bony union with no evidence of progression

Question 7

Nonunion etiology

Answer 7

Instability
Poor blood supply
Large gap between segments
Soft tissue between segments
Infection and sequestration

Question 8

Clinical signs of nonunion

Answer 8

Palpable
Muscle atrophy
Limb deformity
Impaired function
Lameness
Pain

Question 9

Viable nonunions

Answer 9

Hypertrophic
Slightly hypertrophic
Oligotrophic

Question 10

Nonviable nonunions

Answer 10

Dystrophic
Necrotic
Defect
atrophic

Question 11

Hypertrophic nonunion looks like

Answer 11

elephant foot

Question 12

Slightly hypertrophic nonunion looks like

Answer 12

horse foot

Question 13

Oligotrophic nonunion

Answer 13

no signs of healing

Treated as nonviable

Question 14

Dystropic nonunion

Answer 14

poorly vascularized fragment with partial healing

Question 15

Necrotic nonunion

Answer 15

dead fragments

Question 16

Atrophic nonunion

Answer 16

resorption of adjacent bone ends

Question 17

Treatments of nonunion depend on

Answer 17

Lack of stability or vascularity or both

Question 18

Treatments for nonunion fractures

Answer 18

Debridement of necrotic bone
Opening of medullary canal
Rigid internal fixation
Autogenous canellous bone graft

Question 19

Malunion

Answer 19

inadequate fracture reduction or stabilization
Progress to bony union
Deformities

Question 20

Clinical findings of malunion

Answer 20

Malalignement of limb
Fx site stable and non-painful
Lameness
Does not always cause clinical problems

Question 21

Treatments for malunion

Answer 21

Corrective osteotomy
realignment
Rigid fixation

Question 22

Surgery is indicated when

Answer 22

Impaired limb function
Stenosis of pelvic canal
Jaw malocclusion
patellar luxation

Question 23

Osteomyelitis

Answer 23

Inflammation of bone marrow
Usually infectious
Adjacent soft tissues usually involved

Question 24

Most common form of osteomyelitis in small animal practice

Answer 24

chronic, post-traumatic osteomyelitis

Question 25

What is required for osteomyelitis

Answer 25

vascular compromise and bacterial contamination

Question 26

Sequestrum

Answer 26

necrotic bone fragment

Question 27

Involucrum

Answer 27

periosteal reaction surrounding the sequestrum

Question 28

Cloaca

Answer 28

opening in involucrum resulting in drainage

Question 29

How do you diagnose osteomyelitis

Answer 29

Positive culture

Question 30

*Will antibiotics alone cure osteomyelitis*

Answer 30

NO

Question 31

Treatment of osteomyelitis

Answer 31

``` Debridement Removal of foreign material Drainage Rigid stabilization Long term antimicrobial ```

Question 32

When makes quadricepts contracture more likely to happen

Answer 32

young growing dogs Femoral fractures Excessive fibrous tissues

Question 33

What causes quad contracture

Answer 33

quad muscle trauma | Prolonged immobilization

Question 34

Treatment of quad contracture

Answer 34

Hack the leg off