Component 1: Topic 1: Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
What are key functions of the skeleton?
A
Production of blood cells, Storage of minerals, Protection of vital organs, Muscle attachment, Formation of joints for movement
2
Q
What does the skeleton protect?
A
Your skeleton provides protection for your vital organs, including the heart.
3
Q
What is mineral storage?
A
Calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones to help strengthen them.
4
Q
What does Blood cell production of the skeleton do?
A
Platelets help clotting if you are cut. Red blood cells transport oxygen to the working muscles. White blood cells help fight infection or diseases that may be in your body.
5
Q
What is a long bones function?
A
Long bones aid movement by working as levers.
6
Q
Name 3 Long bones.
A
Femur, Humerus, Ulna
7
Q
Give an example of how long bones could be used.
A
Long bones work as a lever to increase the pace of the ball when kicked.
8
Q
What is a short bones function?
A
Short bones are weight bearing and provide support.
9
Q
Name 2 short bones.
A
Carpals, Tarsals
10
Q
Give an example of how short bones could be used.
A
Supporting body weight in a handstand.
11
Q
What is a flat bones function?
A
Flat bones provide protection and a broad surface for muscles to attach to.
12
Q
Name 3 flat bones.
A
Cranium, Ribs, Scapula
13
Q
Give an example of how flat bones could be used.
A
The cranium protects the brain if hit by a cricket ball.
14
Q
What is an irregular bones function?
A
Irregular bones provide protection and a place for muscle attachment.
15
Q
Name 1 Irregular bone.
A
Vertebrae
16
Q
Give an example of how irregular bones could be used.
A
Muscles attached to the vertebrae allow a hockey player to bend their back low to dribble a ball.
17
Q
Name the 5 vertebral regions.
A
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
18
Q
Correct term for skull.
A
Cranium
19
Q
Correct term for collar bone.
A
Clavicle
20
Q
Correct term for breastbone.
A
Sternum
21
Q
Correct term for upper arm bone.
A
Humerus
22
Q
Correct term for the long bone in the forearm.
A
Ulna
23
Q
Correct term for shoulder bone.
A
Scapula
24
Q
Correct term for bone that connects the trunk with legs.
A
Pelvis
25
Correct term for wrist.
Carpals
26
Correct term for palm bones.
Metacarpals
27
Correct term for bones in fingers and toes.
Phalanges
28
Correct term for thigh bone.
Femur
29
Correct term for knee-cap.
Patella
30
Correct term for shinbone.
Tibia
31
Correct term for calf bone.
Fibula
32
What is a joint?
A joint is the place where two or more bones meet. It is where movement can occur.
33
Where are hinge joints located?
Knee, Elbow, Ankle
34
What movement occurs at hinge joints?
Flexion, Extension
35
Where are ball and socket joints located?
Hip, Shoulder
36
What movement occurs at ball and socket joints?
Flexion, Extension, Rotation, Circumduction, Abduction, Adduction
37
Where are pivot joints located?
Neck (atlas and axis)
38
What movement occurs at pivot joints?
Rotation
39
Where is a condyloid joint located?
Wrist
40
What movement occurs at condyloid joints?
Flexion, Extension, Circumduction
41
What is flexion?
Flexion is when the angle at a joint decreases.
42
Where does flexion occur?
Flexion occurs at hinge, ball and socket, and condyloid joints.
43
Give an example of how flexion could be applied.
At the knee when the football player is preparing to kick the football.
44
What is extension?
Extension is when the angle at a joint increases.
45
Where does extension occur?
Extension occurs at hinge, ball and socket, and condyloid joints.
46
Give an example of how extension could be applied.
At the knee when following through after kicking a football.
47
What is abduction?
The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
48
Where does abduction occur?
Abduction occurs at ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder).
49
Give an example of how abduction could be applied.
At the shoulder when reaching out sideways to intercept a netball.
50
What is adduction?
The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.
51
Where does adduction occur?
Adduction occurs at ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder).
52
Give an example of how adduction could be applied.
At the hip in the cross-over leg action when throwing a javelin. The leg comes back towards the midline of the body.
53
What is rotation?
When the bone at a joint moves around its own axis, so making a circular movement.
54
Where does rotation occur?
Rotation occurs at ball and socket joints (hip and shoulder).
55
Give an example of how rotation could be applied.
At the shoulder when the swimming front crawl. The arm rotates around in a circular motion.
56
What is circumduction and where does it occur?
Circumduction allows 360 degrees movement and occurs at ball and socket joints which occur at the shoulder.
57
What is plantar-flexion and where does it occur?
Movement of the foot downwards when you point your toes and it occurs at the ankle joint.
58
What is dorsi-flexion and where does it occur?
Movement of the foot upwards towards the shin decreasing the angle at the joint. It occurs at the ankle joint.
59
What are the roles of ligaments?
The role of ligaments is to join bone to bone and they help keep joints stable. They also prevent unwanted movement that might cause an injury, such as a dislocation when playing sport.
60
What are the roles of tendons?
The role of tendons is to join muscle to bone. Tendons also hold the muscle to the bone, so that when the muscle contracts the muscle can pull on the bone and cause movement at joints.
61
Name the three muscle types.
Cardiac, Voluntary, Involuntary
62
What is the Cardiac muscles functions?
The cardiac muscle forms the heart. Cardiac muscle is unconsciously controlled- we do not have to think to make it contact.
63
Give an example of how the cardiac muscles could be applied.
Cardiac muscle in the heart contracts to pump blood around the body.
64
What is the voluntary muscles functions?
Voluntary muscles are the skeletal muscles that attach via tendons to the skeleton to allow movement. Voluntary muscles are under conscious control- that is, we move them when we want to; we consciously decide when they should work.
65
Give an example of how the voluntary muscles could be applied.
The biceps contract to flex the arm at the elbow when we perform bicep curls.
66
What is the involuntary muscles function?
Involuntary muscles are found in blood vessels. They contract slowly and rhythmically and unconsciously controlled- they contract automatically when required to by the body.
67
Give an example of how the involuntary muscles could be applied.
The involuntary muscles in the blood vessels help regulate blood flow for vascular shunting.
68
Where is the deltoid located?
Top of the shoulder.
69
What is the deltoids role?
Abducts the arm at shoulder.
70
Give an example of how the deltoid could be applied.
Lifting your arms above your head to block the ball in volleyball.
71
Where is the latissimus dorsi located?
Side of the back.
72
What is the Latissimus dorsi role?
Adducts the upper arm at the shoulder.
73
Give an example of how the latissimus dorsi could be applied.
Bringing arms back to side during a straight jump in trampolining.
74
Where is the pectoralis major located?
Front of upper chest.
75
What is the pectoralis major role?
Adducts the arm at the shoulder.
76
Give an example of how the pectoralis major could be applied.
Follow-through from a forehand drive in tennis.
77
Where is the external obliques located?
Between the lower ribs and abdomen.
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What is the external obliques role?
Rotates the trunk and helps pull chest down.
79
Give an example of how the external obliques could be applied.
Rotating trunk while throwing the javelin.
80
How do antagonistic muscle pairs work together?
While one muscle contracts, another relaxes to create movement.
81
Where is the bicep located?
Front of upper arm.
82
What is the biceps role?
Flexion of the arm at the elbow.
83
Give an example of how the biceps could be applied.
Upwards phase of a bicep curl.
84
Where is the triceps located?
Back of upper arm.
85
What is the role of the triceps?
Extension of the arm at the elbow.
86
Give an example of how the triceps could be applied.
Straightening the arms in a chest press.
87
Where are the quadriceps located?
Front of upper leg.
88
What is the quadriceps role?
Extension of the leg at the knee.
89
Give an example of how the quadriceps could be applied.
Straightening the leading leg going over a hurdle.
90
Where are the hamstrings located?
Back of upper leg.
91
What is the hamstrings role?
Flexion of the leg at the knee.
92
Give an example of how the hamstrings could be applied.
Bending the trailing leg going over a hurdle.
93
Where is the gastrocnemius located?
Back of lower leg (calf).
94
What is the gastrocnemius' role?
Plantar-flexion at the ankle.
95
Give an example of how the gastrocnemius could be applied.
Pointing the toes when performing a pike jump in trampolining.
96
Where is the tibialis anterior located?
Front of lower leg (shin).
97
What is the tibialis anterior role?
Dorsi-flexion at the ankle.
98
Give an example of how the tibialis anterior could be applied.
Bringing the toes up towards the shins when extending the legs in the long jump.
99
Where are the hip flexors located?
Very top of front of upper leg.
100
What is the hip flexors role?
Flexion of leg at the hip.
101
Give an example of how the hip flexors could be applied.
Bringing the legs up in a seat-drop in trampolining.
102
Where is the gluteus maximus located?
Lower back (butt)
103
What is the gluteus maximus' role?
Extension of the leg at the hip.
104
Give an example of how the gluteus maximus could be applied.
Lifting the leg back at the hip when running.
105
Name 2 muscle fibres.
Fast twitch, Slow twitch
106
Name 1 slow twitch fibre.
Type 1
107
Name 2 fast twitch fibres.
Type lla, Type llx
108
What are characteristics of type 1 muscle fibres?
Produce low force, Slow speed of contraction, High endurance
109
What are pros and cons of Type 1 muscle fibres?
Good in endurance like cross country. However does not produce much power.
110
What are characteristics of type lla muscle fibres?
Produce high force, Moderate speed of contraction, Medium endurance
111
What are pros and cons of type lla muscle fibres?
More resistant to endurance activities than type llx. Not as powerful as type llx and not as resistant to fatigue than type 1.
112
What are characteristics of type llx muscle fibres?
Produce very high force, Fast contracting, Low endurance
113
What are pros and cons of type llx muscle fibres?
Good for short and explosive actions requiring power, strength and speed like an 100-meter sprint. Only provides power for a very short period of time.
114
Name 3 blood vessels.
Artery, Capillaries, Veins
115
What 3 things does the cardiovascular system consist of?
Blood, Blood vessels, Heart
116
How is nutrients transported?
Nutrients are broken down from the food we eat and transported to the body in the blood.
117
How is oxygen transported?
The cardiovascular system transports oxygen around the body in the blood. It carries oxygen to the muscles and vital organs.
118
What removes Carbon Dioxide?
The cardiovascular system takes carbon dioxide away from the muscles to remove it from the body.
119
What helps clot wounds?
Platelets
120
How does vasodilation occur?
When the body temperature rises.
121
How does vasoconstriction occur?
When the body temperature drops.
122
Where is the tricuspid valve located?
On the right side of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle.
123
Where is the bicuspid valve located?
On the left side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle.
124
Where are semilunar valves located?
Between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery and vein.
125
What is the vena cava?
The vena cava is the main vein bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart so it can be pumped to the lungs to collect oxygen.
126
What is the aorta?
The aorta is the main artery and carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to take oxygen to the working muscles.
127
What is the pulmonary artery's role?
The pulmonary artery receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to take to the lungs to receive oxygen.
128
What is the pulmonary vein's role?
It brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
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What does the right atrium receive?
Deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava.
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What does the left atrium receive?
Oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.
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What does the right ventricle receive?
Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve.
132
What does the left ventricle receive?
Oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the bicuspid valve.
133
What is the septum?
The wall that separates the left and right side of the heart.
134
What is the arteries structure?
Thick muscular and elastic walls, Small lumen
135
What is the arteries functions?
Carries blood at high pressure away from the heart. Mainly carries oxygenated blood.
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What is the capillaries structure?
Very thin walls, One cell thick, Small lumen
137
What is the capillaries functions?
Links smaller arteries with smaller veins. Carries blood at a very low pressure.
138
What is the veins structure?
Thin walls, Contain valves, Large lumen
139
What is the veins functions?
Carries blood at low pressure towards the heart. Mainly carries deoxygenated blood.
140
What is vascular shunting?
When you exercise your working muscles need more oxygen. Oxygen is attached to the red blood cells in the blood and carried to your active muscles. Blood is diverted away from inactive areas to the working muscles. This is called vascular shunting.
141
What does vasoconstriction mean?
Vasoconstriction means that the blood vessels are constricted (squeezed) to make them smaller.
142
What does vasodilation mean?
Vasodilation means that the blood vessels are dilated to make them bigger.
143
What are the four main components of blood?
Plasma, Platelets, Red blood cells, White blood cells
144
What does the plasma do?
Transports the blood cells, platelets and nutrients to the different parts of the body.
145
What do the platelets do?
Platelets help prevent bleeding as they can stick to each other and to the walls of the blood vessels.
146
What do red blood cells do?
Red blood cells carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
147
What do white blood cells do?
They help fight infection or diseases.
148
What is inhaled air?
The air we breathe into our lungs.
149
What is exhaled air?
The air we breath out of our lungs.
150
Which gas do we inhale the most?
Nitrogen
151
Which gas do we exhale the most?
Nitrogen
152
What is lung volume?
The greatest capacity of air the lungs can hold.
153
What do platelets do?
Platelets help prevent bleeding as they can stick to each other and to the walls of the blood vessels.
154
What is exhaled air?
The air we breathe out of our lungs.
155
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.
156
What changes about tidal volume during exercise?
During exercise you need to increase airflow into and out of your lungs.
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What happens when you breathe deeper during exercise?
Inhale more oxygen
Exhale more carbon dioxide
158
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air the lungs can exhale after the maximum amount they can inhale.
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What is vital capacity made up of?
Tidal volume
Expiratory volume
Inspiratory volume
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When does air enter the lungs?
During inspiration.
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When does air leave the lungs?
During expiration.
162
What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?
The diaphragm contracts and flattens to make more space in the chest so the lungs can expand to pull in the air.
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What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
The diaphragm relaxes and returns to a dome shape, making the chest cavity smaller. This helps force the air out of the lungs.
164
What happens at gas exchange?
Gases move from the areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
165
What is the structure of the alveoli?
Very tiny air sacs
Very thin walls.
Surrounded by capillaries
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What happens to the alveoli and capillaries at gas exchange?
Alveoli- high pressure of oxygen
Capillaries surrounding alveoli- low pressure of oxygen
Movement of oxygen from the high pressure to low through thin walls of capillaries and alveoli.
Capillaries gain oxygen from the alveoli and transport it around the body.
167
What happens during aerobic activity?
During aerobic activity there is an increase in breathing rate and an increase in gas exchange to meet the demands of the working muscles for more oxygen.
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What activities use aerobic respiration?
Long duration
Long distance running
10km run
169
Does anaerobic respiration use oxygen?
Anaerobic exercise does not use oxygen in energy production.
170
What activities use anaerobic respiration?
High intensity
Very short duration
100 meter
171
What are fats used for?
Fats are an energy source for aerobic respiration.
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What are fats characteristics?
Require oxygen to break down into glucose.
Are slow to break down.
Once broken down give large quantities of energy for exercise.
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What are carbohydrates used for?
Carbohydrates are used for aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
174
What are carbohydrates characteristics?
Do not require oxygen to break down into glucose.
Do not give as much energy as fats.
Are easier to break down therefore release energy more quickly than fats.
175
How does lactic acid occur?
Lactic acid is produced as a by-product when carbohydrates are broken down without oxygen during anaerobic respiration.
176
What is respiration?
The process of energy production.
177
What is energy sources?
The macronutrients that provide energy.
178
What is muscle fatigue?
When the efficiency of the muscles drop, reducing the level of performance.
179
How would muscle fatigue affect a footballer?
The footballer would not be able to keep up with the pace of the game, losing their opponent, therefore reducing their contribution to the game.
180
What is lactate?
A chemical formed through anaerobic respiration.
181
What is lactate accumulation?
When the levels of lactate start to build up in the muscle tissue or blood.
182
What increases when you start exercising?
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Blood pressure
Cardiac output
183
What is the cardiac output equation?
Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
184
What is the heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
185
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood leaving the heart each beat.
186
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood leaving the heart per minute.
187
What is breathing rate?
The number of breaths per minute.
188
What is recovery rate?
The time it takes for the heart rate to return to resting rate.
