composition of feedstuffs

Question 1

How do u assess the quality of feed

Answer 1

• quantity of nutrients: measure gross energy or animal
• availability of nutrients
• degradability of nutrients - how quick there available
• balance of nutrients
• capture of nutrients: how much of the nutrients are obtained by the animal.

Question 2

what is energy/ where does energy supply come from in ruminants diet?

Answer 2

energy is the first limiting nutrient

Question 3

what are the two groups of carbohydrates?

Answer 3

1. simple sugars and starch
2. Cellulose/ hemicellulose

Question 4

what are simple sugars and starch
and give an example

Answer 4

soluble or storage carbs
E.g cereals

Question 5

what acid is produced in the rumen from simple sugars and starch

Answer 5

lactic acid
- altered pH and microbial flora, acidosis, indigestion and low fat milk syndrome

Question 6

What are cellulose/ hemicellulose
and give an example

Answer 6

structural carbs
- slower breakdown

example: Forage

Question 7

what are major end products of digestion

Answer 7

Volatile Fatty Acids
- Acetic, Propionic, Butyric
- they are absorbed through the rumen wall

Question 8

Are Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) soluble or insoluble?

Answer 8

insoluble

Question 9

what are fats

Answer 9

fats are energy dense

Question 10

approx how much more energy is in fats than carbs

Answer 10

2-3 times

Question 11

what can fats cause

Answer 11

Digest upset
- cellulolytic
- fibre digestion

Question 12

What are the benefits of fat

Answer 12

fats have a negative impact on methane production

Question 13

what is the % fat level in
-Grass
- Perennial Rye Grass

Answer 13

grass: 3-5%
PRG - 8%

Question 14

What is simplest system for approximation of analysis

Answer 14

proximate analysis

Question 15

how does proximate analysis work?

Answer 15

all nutrients should be expressed as kilogram of DM

• Usually it just moisture is removed when finding DM but with silage volatile acids are also removed

Question 16

what is the % ash content of silage

Answer 16

7-10%
- if higher it indicated soil contamination during harvesting

Question 17

how digestible is:
Hemicellulose:
cellulose:
Lignin:

Answer 17

Hemicellulose: highly digestible

cellulose: moderately digestible

Lignin: completely indigestible

Question 18

what happens when lignin increases?

Answer 18

it interlinks with cellulose and hemicellulose making them less digestible

Question 19

what does lignin do?

Answer 19

gives strength and rigidity to plant cells particular to stem on plant

Question 20

What is ADF

Answer 20

Aciddetergent fiber
-cellulose in lignin (least digestible)

Question 21

what is NDF

Answer 21

cellulose and hemicellulose

Question 22

what is physically effective fibre

Answer 22

ruminants require fibre in coarse physical form

Question 23

what is Physically effective NDF (peNDF)

Answer 23

the fraction of fibre that stimulates chewing activity and is primarily related to the particle size

• enhances saliva flow, acetate to propionate ratio, milk fat levels and maintains the rumen pH

Question 24

what has a positive impact over rumen performance

Answer 24

an appropriate level of NDF and the particle size in the ruminant diet
- it increases the dry matter intake and its digestibility

Question 25

According to National Research Council(NRC), what should NDF content be maintained at of dietary dry matter with what % from forage

Answer 25

maintained at 30% of dietary dry matter with at least 21% from forage

Question 26

what is the Gross Energy value of feedstuff?

Answer 26

17-18.5 MJ

Question 27

What is Digestible energy

Answer 27

energy that is not lost in the faeces - good in monogastric - useless in rumens: doesn't consider methane

Question 28

how much Gross Energy is lost as urine

Answer 28

3%

Question 29

What is Net energy

Answer 29

what's available for maintenance and then what's available for animal products

Question 30

what % of GE will be Net energy

Answer 30

40%

Question 31

common forages for ruminants

Answer 31

Grass: PRG, Timothy Legumes: clover. peas, vetch Herbs: chicory, plantain, sheep's parsley Brassicas: rape, kale, turnips, swedes

Question 32

what units are used to measure Net energy

Answer 32

UFL - Cows UFE - cattle

Question 33

what is nutrient availability influenced by

Answer 33

degradability

Question 34

what may help improve nutrient supply and animal performance

Answer 34

including alternative species

Question 35

Low protein feeds

Answer 35

cereals (main feed) - feeding high levels of cereals can cause acidosis beet pulp/citrus pulp soya hulls molasses (lots of energy, not much protein)

Question 36

what is the fuel supply of cereal grain

Answer 36

endosperm

Question 37

where in the protein in a wheat grain

Answer 37

embryo/germ

Question 38

what are the major cereals

Answer 38

-barley -wheat -oats -maize -rice -rye

Question 39

what are cereals low in?

Answer 39

- low in crude protein (low in essential amino acids) - fibre content low - oil content low (mainly saturated) : 10-12 g/kg to 40-60 g/kg - Ca content low(1.5 g/kg - Vit A & D

Question 40

what are cereals high in

Answer 40

Phosphorus Vit E Thiamine

Question 41

by products of sugar and citrus fruits

Answer 41

Beet pulp molasses citrus pulp

Question 42

medium protein feeds

Answer 42

corn gluten peas maize distillers beans palm kernel

Question 43

cereal by- products

Answer 43

-from brewing, malting ,milling -starch removed -feeding value more reduced for monogastric than ruminants - quality can be variable

Question 44

high protein feeds

Answer 44

soyabean meal cottonseed rapeseed mean sunflower meal

Question 45

main oilseeds by products

Answer 45

soyabean cottonseed rapeseed sunflower -grown from oil: high in oil and protein - can contain toxins/ANF's

Question 46

Soyabean Meal

Answer 46

- oil solvent extracted and meal subsequently toasted

Question 47

what does raw soyabeans contain

Answer 47

goitregens protease inhibitor

Question 48

what is soyabean meal low in

Answer 48

methionine cysteine lysine

Question 49

where are soyabean meal sourced from

Answer 49

US or Brazil

Question 50

rapeseed meal

Answer 50

oil extracted by prepressed solvent extraction - good amino acid balance in protein -consistent in quality - ANF: Isothiocyanates and goitregens

Question 51

Cottonseed Meal

Answer 51

- Very variable - may contain gossypol (anti-oxidant) -Sourced from Africa, China, Argentina, Uzbekistan

Question 52

Sunflower Meal

Answer 52

-very variable - inversely related to fibre content - mostly solvent extracted -good quality protein - Sourced: Europe, south america

Question 53

most variable feeds

Answer 53

cottonseed meal malt combings sunflower meal pollard maize distillers - home mixers beware: test batches