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Animal nutrition 2 -TB > composition of feedstuffs > Flashcards

composition of feedstuffs Flashcards

1
Q

How do u assess the quality of feed

A
  • quantity of nutrients: measure gross energy or animal
  • availability of nutrients
  • degradability of nutrients - how quick there available
  • balance of nutrients
  • capture of nutrients: how much of the nutrients are obtained by the animal.
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2
Q

what is energy/ where does energy supply come from in ruminants diet?

A

energy is the first limiting nutrient

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3
Q

what are the two groups of carbohydrates?

A
  1. simple sugars and starch
  2. Cellulose/ hemicellulose
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4
Q

what are simple sugars and starch
and give an example

A

soluble or storage carbs
E.g cereals

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5
Q

what acid is produced in the rumen from simple sugars and starch

A

lactic acid
- altered pH and microbial flora, acidosis, indigestion and low fat milk syndrome

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6
Q

What are cellulose/ hemicellulose
and give an example

A

structural carbs
- slower breakdown

example: Forage

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7
Q

what are major end products of digestion

A

Volatile Fatty Acids
- Acetic, Propionic, Butyric
- they are absorbed through the rumen wall

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8
Q

Are Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) soluble or insoluble?

A

insoluble

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9
Q

what are fats

A

fats are energy dense

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10
Q

approx how much more energy is in fats than carbs

A

2-3 times

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11
Q

what can fats cause

A

Digest upset
- cellulolytic
- fibre digestion

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12
Q

What are the benefits of fat

A

fats have a negative impact on methane production

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13
Q

what is the % fat level in
-Grass
- Perennial Rye Grass

A

grass: 3-5%
PRG - 8%

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14
Q

What is simplest system for approximation of analysis

A

proximate analysis

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15
Q

how does proximate analysis work?

A

all nutrients should be expressed as kilogram of DM

  • Usually it just moisture is removed when finding DM but with silage volatile acids are also removed
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16
Q

what is the % ash content of silage

A

7-10%
- if higher it indicated soil contamination during harvesting

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17
Q

how digestible is:
Hemicellulose:
cellulose:
Lignin:

A

Hemicellulose: highly digestible

cellulose: moderately digestible

Lignin: completely indigestible

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18
Q

what happens when lignin increases?

A

it interlinks with cellulose and hemicellulose making them less digestible

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19
Q

what does lignin do?

A

gives strength and rigidity to plant cells particular to stem on plant

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20
Q

What is ADF

A

Aciddetergent fiber
-cellulose in lignin (least digestible)

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21
Q

what is NDF

A

cellulose and hemicellulose

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22
Q

what is physically effective fibre

A

ruminants require fibre in coarse physical form

23
Q

what is Physically effective NDF (peNDF)

A

the fraction of fibre that stimulates chewing activity and is primarily related to the particle size

  • enhances saliva flow, acetate to propionate ratio, milk fat levels and maintains the rumen pH
24
Q

what has a positive impact over rumen performance

A

an appropriate level of NDF and the particle size in the ruminant diet
- it increases the dry matter intake and its digestibility

25
Q

According to National Research Council(NRC), what should NDF content be maintained at of dietary dry matter
with what % from forage

A

maintained at 30% of dietary dry matter with at least 21% from forage

26
Q

what is the Gross Energy value of feedstuff?

A

17-18.5 MJ

27
Q

What is Digestible energy

A

energy that is not lost in the faeces
- good in monogastric
- useless in rumens: doesn’t consider methane

28
Q

how much Gross Energy is lost as urine

A

3%

29
Q

What is Net energy

A

what’s available for maintenance and then what’s available for animal products

30
Q

what % of GE will be Net energy

A

40%

31
Q

common forages for ruminants

A

Grass: PRG, Timothy
Legumes: clover. peas, vetch
Herbs: chicory, plantain, sheep’s parsley
Brassicas: rape, kale, turnips, swedes

32
Q

what units are used to measure Net energy

A

UFL - Cows
UFE - cattle

33
Q

what is nutrient availability influenced by

A

degradability

34
Q

what may help improve nutrient supply and animal performance

A

including alternative species

35
Q

Low protein feeds

A

cereals (main feed)
- feeding high levels of cereals can cause acidosis

beet pulp/citrus pulp
soya hulls
molasses (lots of energy, not much protein)

36
Q

what is the fuel supply of cereal grain

A

endosperm

37
Q

where in the protein in a wheat grain

A

embryo/germ

38
Q

what are the major cereals

A

-barley
-wheat
-oats
-maize
-rice
-rye

39
Q

what are cereals low in?

A
  • low in crude protein (low in essential amino acids)
  • fibre content low
  • oil content low (mainly saturated) : 10-12 g/kg to 40-60 g/kg
  • Ca content low(1.5 g/kg
  • Vit A & D
40
Q

what are cereals high in

A

Phosphorus
Vit E
Thiamine

41
Q

by products of sugar and citrus fruits

A

Beet pulp
molasses
citrus pulp

42
Q

medium protein feeds

A

corn gluten
peas
maize distillers
beans
palm kernel

43
Q

cereal by- products

A

-from brewing, malting ,milling
-starch removed
-feeding value more reduced for monogastric than ruminants
- quality can be variable

44
Q

high protein feeds

A

soyabean meal
cottonseed
rapeseed mean
sunflower meal

45
Q

main oilseeds by products

A

soyabean cottonseed
rapeseed
sunflower

-grown from oil: high in oil and protein
- can contain toxins/ANF’s

46
Q

Soyabean Meal

A
  • oil solvent extracted and meal subsequently toasted
47
Q

what does raw soyabeans contain

A

goitregens
protease inhibitor

48
Q

what is soyabean meal low in

A

methionine
cysteine
lysine

49
Q

where are soyabean meal sourced from

A

US or Brazil

50
Q

rapeseed meal

A

oil extracted by prepressed solvent extraction

  • good amino acid balance in protein
    -consistent in quality
  • ANF: Isothiocyanates and goitregens
51
Q

Cottonseed Meal

A
  • Very variable
  • may contain gossypol (anti-oxidant)

-Sourced from Africa, China, Argentina, Uzbekistan

52
Q

Sunflower Meal

A

-very variable
- inversely related to fibre content
- mostly solvent extracted
-good quality protein

  • Sourced: Europe, south america
53
Q

most variable feeds

A

cottonseed meal
malt combings
sunflower meal
pollard
maize distillers

  • home mixers beware: test batches

Animal nutrition 2 -TB (2 decks)

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