Comprehension - L01-L02

Question 1

What are the 4 principles of Cell Theory?

Answer 1

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the structural unit of life
3. Cells can only arise by division from a pre -existing cell
4. Cells contain genetic information passed from parent to daughter cell

Question 2

What are some key features of Eukaryotic cells that are NOT in Prokaryotes?

Answer 2

Nucleus and Cytoplasm
Membrane bound organelles
Cytoskeletal system
RER
Golgi
Mitochondrion
Chromosomes

Question 3

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 3

A chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between two atoms

Question 4

What are polar molecules and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 4

Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge because the component atoms have different electronegativites
(Hydrophilic)

Question 5

What are non-polar molecules and are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 5

Covalent bonds have a nearly symmetrical distribution of charge because the component atoms have approx the same electronegativities. (Hydrophobic)

Question 6

What are the 6 polar uncharged amino acids?

Answer 6

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Serine
Threonine
Glutamine
Asperagine
Tyrosine
Cysteine

Question 7

What are the 5 Polar Charged Amino Acids?

Answer 7

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Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine

Question 8

What are the 8 Non Polar Amino Acids?

Answer 8

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Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Proline

Question 9

What is the single amino acid that can fit in either hydrophobic or hydrophilic environments?

Answer 9

Glycine

Question 10

What is a non-covalent bond?

Answer 10

A relatively weak chemical bond based on attractive forces between oppositely charged regions

Question 11

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 11

Electrostatic interaction that occurs between groups of opposite charges

Question 12

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 12

Electrostatic interaction between hydrogen atom (which is covalently bound to a more electronegative atom) and a second electronegative atom

Question 13

What are Van Der Waals interactions?

Answer 13

A weak attractive force due to transient asymmetries of charge within adjacent atoms or molecules

Question 14

What is the hydrophobic effect?

Answer 14

The tendency of non polar molecules to aggregate in order to minimize their collective interaction with surrounding polar water molecules.

Question 15

The cell membrane contains a bilayer of what?

Answer 15

Polar phosphates
Nonpolar fatty acid tails

Question 16

What are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

Answer 16

They lack double bonds

Question 17

What are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 17

One or more double bonds
Introduce a bend in the fatty acid
Natural occurring fatty acids have cis double bonds (bend)

Question 18

Are phosphoglycerides also phospholipids?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

All sphingolipids are phospholipids, T or F?

Answer 19

False. Only some sphingolipids are phospholipids

Question 20

What are the characteristics of phosphoglycerides?

Answer 20

Built on a glycerol backbone
Glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + Phosphate group + Additional group

Question 21

In Phosphoglycerides, what are the charges of the following additional groups:
H (PA)
Choline (PC)
Serine (PS)
Ethanolamine (PE)
Inositol (PI)

Answer 21

H (PA): negative
Choline (PC): neutral
Serine (PS): negative
Ethanolamine (PE): neutral
Inositol (PI): negative

Question 22

What 3 things are considered membrane lipids?

Answer 22

Phosphoglycerides
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol

Question 23

What are sphingolipids built on?

Answer 23

Sphingosine

Question 24

What is an example of a sphingolipid?

Answer 24

Ceramide: sphingosine + Fatty acid

Question 25

What are the characteristics of a sphingolipid?

Answer 25

Amphipathic Additional groups can be linked to head group Longer and more highly saturated FAC than phosphoglycerides

Question 26

What is the role of a sphingolipid?

Answer 26

Signal transduction, membrane structure, and sensing

Question 27

If a carbohydrate is added to a sphingolipid, what is it called?

Answer 27

A glycolipid

Question 28

What is a cerebroside?

Answer 28

A simple sugar (like galactose) is added to a sphingolipid to form a glycolipid

Question 29

What is a ganglioside?

Answer 29

A cluster of sugars added to a sphingolipid to form a glycolipid

Question 30

What are the characteristics of cholesterol?

Answer 30

Amphipathic Makes up 20-30% of the plasma membrane lipids in some animal cells Impair movement of the FAT of the phospholipids

Question 31

What are the 4 general components of a phosphoglyceride?

Answer 31

Additional group Phosphate glycerol 2 FAT

Question 32

Phospholipid is a broad category that is composed of some (____) and all (___)

Answer 32

Phospholipid is a broad category that is composed of some sphingolipids and all phosphoglycerides

Question 33

What does membrane asymmetry affect?

Answer 33

Membrane permeability Surface charge membrane shape stability

Question 34

What do membrane carbohydrates do?

Answer 34

Play important roles as receptors, sorting membrane proteins, and in cell recognition

Question 35

What are the 7 membrane functions?

Answer 35

1. Compartmentalization 2. Scaffold for biochem activities 3. Selectively permeable barrier 4. Solute transport 5. Response to external stimuli 6. Cell-cell communication 7. Energy transduction