Comprehensive Exam Govst Flashcards
1
Q
What is Collective Bargaining?
A
The process through which a labor union/organization/association and an employer negotiate the scope of the employment relationship.
2
Q
What is paradigm?
A
A way of thinking; a system of beliefs that exists within a larger ideological context (major change causes conflict).
3
Q
What is scientific management?
A
a top-down hierarchical relationship between managers and workers.
4
Q
What are the principals of scientific management?
A
- Adopt specific measurements to break tasks down into small parts for each worker.
- Train workers for specific jobs, by choosing them scientifically and systematically for specific roles.
- Establish a clear division of responsibility between management and workers.
- Management should be laying the framework for tasks, while workers execute them.
- Establish an environment in which management sets objectives and workers achieve them.
5
Q
Classical organization theory
A
View organization rather than the individual worker as the focus of attention. Motivation is seen as important, and money is not the only motivator. Ideals, values, beliefs and the need for personal satisfaction are taken into account when understanding organization.
6
Q
Human Relations Movement/Human Resource Development
A
This is the interaction between people in all kinds of situations in which they seek, through mutual action, to achieve some purpose. The interactions may be formal or informal.
7
Q
Systems Theory
A
This is the idea that organizations, groups and individuals are all interdependent. Effective communication affords everyone within the organization to work together efficiently for a common cause.
8
Q
organizational culture/climate
A
the characteristics of the total environment. Culture is what determines the norms that inform people about what is acceptable and what is not. The “rules” must be followed in order for people to be accepted.
9
Q
Behavioral Psychology
A
A focus on the study of observations of behavior, without regard to possible inner factors that influence behaviors
10
Q
Cognitive Psychology
A
A paradigm based in the belief that many factors produce human behaviors/learning abilities
11
Q
Social Psychology
A
Interpretation of behavior as arising from an interaction between two factors 1) the distinctive personality characteristics of the individual and 2) the distinctive social characteristics of the group of the organization in which the behavior action occurs.
12
Q
Theory of Practice
A
Described as a composite of theories of action that underlie and give direction to one’s professional practice. A theory of practice is one’s personal understanding of causal relationships. It arises from the processes of gathering, organizing, and integrating facts and experiences that one has encountered.
13
Q
Social systems theory
A
Conceptualizes organizational behavior as a function of the interaction between the demands of organizational requirements and the needs-dispositions of individuals in the organization.
14
Q
B=f ( p x e )
The Field Theory of human behavior
A
Behavior is a function of a person in context of their environment/institution
15
Q
Principles of Bureaucratic Organizations
A
- Maintain firm hierarchical control of authority and close supervision of those in lower tanks.
- Establish and maintain adequate vertical communication.
- Develop clear written rules and procedures to set standards and guide actions.
- Promulgate clear plans and schedules for participants to follow.
- Add supervisory and administrative positions to the hierarchy of the organization as necessary to meet the problems that arise from changing conditions confronted by the organization.
16
Q
Effective Schools Research
A
- Whatever else a school can and should do, its central purpose is to teach.
- The school is responsible for providing the overall environment in which teaching and learning to occur.
- Schools must be treated holistically
- The most crucial characteristics of a school are the attitudes and behaviors of teachers and other staff, not material things.
- The school accepts responsibility for the success or failure of the academic performance of the students.
17
Q
What is School community relations?
A
A function on all levels of a school system, established as a program to improve and maintain optimal levels of student achievement, and to build and maintain public support.
18
Q
Why is school community relations important?
A
Education must be viewed in terms of a school-community setting, which includes students and teachers, administrator and support staff, board members, parents and other citizens. Overal goal is to improve student achievement.
19
Q
Principle of utility
A
goods and services should be distributed according to the greatest good for the greatest number
20
Q
Types of communications
A
newsletters, websites, email, newspaper, meetings, radio, tv
21
Q
Community power groups
A
includes those who have social power and who exercise that power in making community decisions.
22
Q
Crisis management planning (12 steps)
A
- Form a broad-based committee that involves all the people and agencies who might be called upon during an emergency
- Define the kind of crisis that you will include in your plan
- Conduct an internal and external assessment of the current safety level of the schools in the district.
- Create a plan
- Secure board approval of the plan
- Have the plan at your fingertips
- Distribute the plan widely
- Select the spokesperson and the crisis team leader
- Train the staff at both the district and building level
- Annually retrain the staff
- Annually revisit the plan
- Loop back to STEP 1
23
Q
Understanding power structures in a community (3)
A
1.kanawha county; this example of pluralist power is often referred to as a battle of the books controversy the people of this region were Appalachians; they had a history of hardship and welfare. Former indenture servants that ran away to the mountains, these people developed a deep disdain for authority. Although poor nurtured and passed down the visor ride individualism. In 1974 Newbrook recommended to the school door and adopt it. This caused controversy (violence, schools where bombed) because the education values in these books are in discord with appallachians belief that it is the responsibility of adults to direct children when they misbehave. Children should not be allowed to make that their own decisions about Right and wrong.
2 Middletown: power elite study – Ball family owned a business that made canning jars the central business in the community. The first study to identify a ruling Power elite group in a community. Proved elites are very influential. 3. Yankee city and regional city – power elite studies: this study revealed (Yankee city) That those at the highest socioeconomic status in the community have the greatest power and influence. The study concluded that when there is conflict, the upper-class Will hold the upperhand. The study (regional city)concluded that the city was run by a small group of powerful men who determined policy informally and behind the scenes- the power elite. the study developed the reputational technique and used it to determine who constituted the power elite in regional city.
24
Q
Community power structures (3)
A
- Elitist- people with considerable influence and power, also control over political and social decisions.
- Pluralist - there is no central power elite, power in a community if diffused, there are various members of a community that occupy positions of power related to specific issues.
- Amorphous or Inert Model - Power is either absent or latent - found in communities where there is little interaction among residents- lack of community - common in rural setting, high-rise condominiums, apartment building, new communities
25
What is distributive justice?
Concerns what is just or right with respect to the allocation of goods is in a society. Thus, a community whose individual members are rendered their due would be considered a society guided by the Principles of distributive justice. Allocation goods take into thought that the total amount of goods to be handed out, the process on how they in civilization are going to dispense, and the pattern of division. Civilizations have a narrow amount of resources and capital; the problem arises will have the goods should be divided. The common answer to this question Is that every individual receives a fair share. Often contrasted with procedural justice, which is concerned with just processes such as in a demonstration of law, does Jimmy to jesses concentrates on just outcomes and consequences. The philosopher is John Rawls.
26
What is resource distribution?
It refers to the distribution of resources among schools (funding, grant money, materials, supplies and technology).
27
What is utilitarianism?
Asserts that goods and services should be distributed according to the greatest good for the greatest number.
28
What is entitlement?
It is a guarantee of access to benefits of rights or by agreement through law. It also refers, in a more casual sense to someone's belief that one is deserving of some particular reward or benefit.
29
What is fair exchange?
A phenomenon of people expecting certain beliefs from their institutions.
30
Where are the best ways to communicate information with your community?
Direct communication, press release, websites, and local media.
31
What are the best types of school partnerships?
1.school to career awareness programs and corporate sponsor and program such as adopt a school
2 partnerships that have a two-way partnership tend to build long-lasting relationships
3 focus on family and outreach
4 collaboration between schools and community
32
What is the digital divide?
Students in very poor school districts do not have the same technology advantages as students in wealthier districts.
33
What are technology integration plans?
Ensures that technology within the school will strengthen existing curricula and supports meaningful, engaged learning for all students.
34
What is the information age?
The period beginning around 1970 and noted for the abundant publication, consumption and manipulation of information, especially by computers and computer networks.
35
What is the 10th amendment to the constitution?
Powers not delegated to the United States Are reserved to the states or to the people.
36
What are Bagin and Gallagar's five elements of common communication model?
Source, Encoder, channel, decoder, and receiver.
37
Bagin and Gallagar's five elements of common communication mode
SOURCE
The source of information conceptualizes the message that the individual or the School needs to send.
38
Bagin and Gallagar's five elements of common communication mode
ENCODER
The message encoder is the form the message will take
39
Bagin and Gallagar's five elements of common communication mode
THE CHANNEL
The channel is the device or signal used to send the message
40
Bagin and Gallagar's five elements of common communication mode
DECODER
The decoder must be able to decode the message accurately
41
Bagin and Gallagar's five elements of common communication mode
THE RECIEVER
The receiver, usually the decoder,, will translate the words into meaning.
42
What is the stare decisis?
Legal Phrase referring to the obligation of courts to honor past precedents. The precedents or authority is a principle established in a previous legal case that is either binding or persuasive
43
What is the lemon test?
First: the statute must have a secular (non religious) legislative purpose.
Second: primary effect Must neither advance nor inhibits religion.
Third: the statute must not foster excessive government entanglement with religion( church and state)
44
What is the connick rule?
A public employee who goes public or speaks on public matters of public concern Constitutes protected speech under the First Amendment (Pickering case).
45
McCollum v Board
Church and state
Release time in public school premises not permitted for religious instruction
46
Tinker v Des Moines
Students rights- armbands
| Denial of freedom of expression is justified if reasonable forecast if material and substantial disruption.
47
Plyler v doe
School attendance
| Children of illegally admitted parents may not be denied public education.
48
Goss v Lopez
Student rights: common law, constitutional due process, and statutory protection
Temporary out of school suspensions require due process
10 days or less by an administrator, more than 10 days the school board
49
Mills v board
Students with disabilities must be given a public education, and their financial limits are moot in provide education to those students. It set a precedent the educational services must be made based on children's needs, not on the school's physical capabilities provide the services.
50
Martinez v Bynum
School attendance
bona fide resident requirements are constitutional - school districts May inquire as to the reason for changing custody and may deny admission if the parents purpose is to circumvent the schools district zoning requirements.
51
What is the general welfare clause of article one?
The governing body empowered by the document may enact laws to promote the general welfare of the people, sometimes worded as public welfare.
52
What is the due process clause of the 14th amendment?
Due process is the principle that the government must respect all of the legal rights that are owed to a person according to law of the land, instead of respecting merely some of or most of those legal rights. As developrd through a large body of case law in the IS, this principle gives individuals a varying ability to enforce the rights against alleged violations by the government and their agents but normally not against other private citizens.
53
What is the free exercise clause of the First Amendment?
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The right to free exercise of religion. government should make no law prohibiting the free exercise of religion.
54
What is the equal protection clause of 14th amendment?
No states shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law.
State prerogatives: the state is not required to provide public education, but if it does, it must be available to all.
States can impose rules on attendance, as long as they are reasonably related to a valid state purpose.
The district has the legal authority to Challenge residency of the student.
55
What are the four characteristics of a transformational leader?
1. Educative
2. Critical
3. Ethical -encourage self reflection moral relationships
4. Transformative- aimed towards social change seek to build a community who believe they can make a difference
56
What are the characteristics of belief/vision statements
1. Learning to use one's mind well
2. Less is more
3. Goals applicable to all students
4. Personalization
5. Students as workers teachers as coach
6. Demonstration of mastery
7. A tone of decency and trust
8. Commitment to the entire school
9. Resources dedicated to teaching and learning
10. Democracy and equity
57
What is the principles role in school improvement?
To provide direction gather baseline data demographic data student outcome data school processes perceptual data assessment needs determine a vision and mission. Clarifying expectations of student learning analyze instruction effectiveness. Action planning and project management monitoring and evaluating the project.
58
What are the characteristics of ineffective school?
1. Clear school mission
2. High expectations for success
3. Instructional leadership
4. Frequent monitoring of student progress
5. Opportunity to learn and time on task
6. Safe and orderly environment
7. Home and school relations
59
What is the First Amendment, robust change of ideas?
The constitution applies equally to everyone, regardless of age, color, race, religion, or any other factor. However, minors are special category of person, and in many cases, the rights of minors can be suppressed in ways that the rights of adults simply may not be.
60
What is the 10th amendment?
The powers not delegated to the US by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.
61
What is the 14th amendment?
Prevents government from taking away liberties without fair procedure.
62
What is the Students Records Act? (FERPA)
FERPA gives parents certain rights with respect to student records. Those rights transfer to the child at the age of 18. This law applies to all schools that receive funds under an applicable program of the US department of education.
63
What are the criteria for school searches?
Reasonable suspicion - standare of proof less rigorous than probable cause, suspicion not amounting to proof.
Expansion of Search Powers - when a concern that something harmful to students may be in school
Canine Searchers - In IL dog can be used to seek out drugs
Strip searches - the more intrusive the search, the more you must show probable cause.
64
Education as a fundamental right, legal basis for public schools
Each state is required by its state constitution to provide a school system whereby children may receive an education. State legislators exercise power over schools in any manner consistent with the stat'es constitution. Many state legislature delegate powere over the school system to a state board of education.
65
What is defamation?
false communication that harms the reputation of another in the eyes of a 3rd person.
66
What is tort liability?
unreasonable interference with the rights of others causing an injury
67
What is negligence?
a duty to protect others, failure to exercise appropriate standard of care, casual connection, injury
68
what is intentional interference?
The activity of an individual must, with substantial certainty be the result of the act
69
What is defamation in public schools?
Misuse of student information
70
Defenses to Negligence
Injury was an accident, act was not the proximate cause; something else intervened
71
Contributory Negligence
Involves some breach of duty on the part of the injured person, who is negligent too.
72
Assumption of Risk
Person, by expressed or implied agreement, recognizes the danger and assumes the risk.
73
Exculpatory Release
As a waiver of damages it's of little value. Often serves as a notification to parents of risks.
74
Education Malpractice
An attempt to apply tort law to educational outcomes. There is an inherent uncertainty in determining the cause of educational deficiencies.
75
Dismissal of a Tenured teacher, burden of proof
School districts may dismiss tenured teachers only by a showing of cause, after foowing such procedural requirements as providing notice to the teacher, specifying the charges against the teacher, and providing the teacher with a meaningful hearing.
76
Dismissal for cause examples
1. Immoral conduct
2. Incompetence
3. Neglect of duty
4. Substantial noncompliance with school laws
5. Conviction of a crime
6. Insubordination
7. Fraud or misrepresentation
77
Reassignment of a Teacher
Due to the closure of an attendance center, a drop in enrollment, the educational focus is changed, or your school is being phased out
78
What is an IEP?
defines the individual objectives of a child who has been labeled with a disability,, as defined by federal regulations. The IEP is intended to help children reach educational goals more easily than they otherwise would.
79
Hawthorne Experiments
Women assembled devices from parts. The purpose of the study was to figure out what level of lighting would produce an optimal level of productivity. When the lighting was first increased, productivity increase, leading researchers to believe that the productivity would go up or down, in correlation to the lighting levels. However, when the lighting was decreased, workers continued to produce at higher levels than they did before the study began. In the end, it was determined that workers were working at a level that they believed was expected of them, regardless of light levels.
80
Principles of Bureaucratic Organizations
1. Maintain firm hierarchical control of authority and close supervision of those in lower ranks
2. Establish and maintain adequate verbal communication
3. Develop clear written rules and procedures to set standards and guide actions.
4. Promulgate clear plans and schedules for participants to follow
5. Add supervisory and administrative positions to the hierarchy of the organization as necessary to meet the problems that arise from changing conditions confronted by the organization.
81
5 types of power
1. Reward power - controlling rewards, to get others to comply with commands
2. Coercive power - having the potential to punish
3. Expert power - having knowledge that others want, and are willing to work for
4. Legitimate power - holding ideas of belief deemed by others as desirable, this making them want to be more like the power holder
5. Referent Power - holding ideas of belief deemed by others as desirable, this making them want to be more like the power holder
82
5 models of decision making
1. The vroom -Yetton normative leadership model
2. The tannenbaum - schmid analysis
3. Griffiths Theory
4. Herbert Simon's Model
5. Peter Drucker's Model
83
The vroom-yetton normative leadership model
offers guidance in determining how to decide, in terms of involving other people
84
The Tannenbaum-Schmidt analysis
a systematic way of thinking about possible courses of action in confronting issues of participative decision-making
85
What is the social reconstruction perspective on curriculum?
View curriculum as an agent of social change. Curriculum is considered the vehicle for bringing needed changes to help provide better opportunities to better participate in a democratic society !
86
What is the duty of administrator or special Ed services?
A series of laws the administrator should know to help govern quality legal services.
• family educational rights and privacy act
• section 504
• ideia
87
What are the effects of class size ?
Smaller classes = increased achievement . 20 to 40 pupils not much different. Having below 20 makes a difference in increased achievement
88
What are the effects of ability grouping?
Teacher can focus more on that groups needs or ability level .
89
What are effective approaches to adult learning ?
* they have opportunities to plan n design their own learning dev
* there is relevance to learning experience
* learning is problem centered rather than content centered
* past experience can be incorporated in experiential learning settings
90
What are effective approaches to mentoring ?
* Careful matching
* Ask potential mentors of they are interested
* Provide orientation
* Provide time to meet
91
What are techniques for interviewing ?
• make sure job description is detailed but still leaves room for questions in interview
•1 establish the atmosphere
2 ask focused questions
3 be an active listener
4 share school info
5 close interview with thanks n when to expect to hear from.
6 write out notes on candidate
92
What are the different types of curricula?
```
Supported
written
hidden
ttaught and
tested
learned
```
93
What are the contributions made to the field by doing Tyler, Rogers, darling-Hammond?
Dewey: (1940's)- believed that democracy was ideal society. Education experiences must be meaningful to see growth.
Tyler: (1945ish)- has four different stages of curriculum development evaluation
1 Choose between goals or ideas
2 Process of implementation
3 Observation of instruction
4 The result of win program has been carried out and results are good as desired or provide modification
Rogers: 1969- attempts adopt clients frame of reference. be empathetic without advising.
Darling Hammond: 1969- What matters most is teaching: Staff development
Helping individuals
step back and reflect
Allow mental space
94
what are 8 eras in curriculum history
1. academic scientism (1890-1916): this academic influence was result of systematice efforts to shape curriculum.
2. progressive functionalism (1940-1970): characterized by two views. 1. child centered. 2. functional orientation.
3. developmental conformism (1941-56): transition during WWII. school segregation was outlawed. interest in developmental abilities
4. scholarly structuralism (1957-67): scholars decided they had a key role to play in the development of specific curriculum.
5. Romantic radicalism (1968-1974)- a time of rampant violence. youth seemed to be in the saddle. alternative schools open classrooms and elective programs.
6. privatistic converatism (1975-1989)- strong conservative philosphy. peeople were tired of violence. increase in religion, reforming school, more rigorous curriculum.
7. technological constrionist: (1990-1999)- school choice movement& vouchers.
8. new privatistic conservatism (NCLB) concerns about educational system at the national state and local level.
95
what are the curriculum theories?
* nature and function of curriculum theory
* leadership in curriculum
* classifying curriculum
* structure-oriented theories
* value oriented theory
* content oriented theory
* process orient theory
96
What is nature and function of curriculum theory?
set of related educational concepts that affords a systematic perceptive of curriculum.
97
what is leadership in curriculum theory?
role of leadership in reviewing the relationship b/w theory and practice and its impact on schools
98
classifying curriculum theory
attempts to clarify curriculum, attempt to categorize curriculum.
99
structure-oriented theories
looks at components of curriculum and their interrelationships
100
value oriented theory
attempting to sentitize educators to values/issues ...educational consciousness
101
content oriented theory
society centered: wants to specify the major sources that should influence the selection and organization of the curriculum content.
102
process orient theory
when curriculum theory seems to reach its maturity as a field inquiry.
103
what is the goal based model of curriculum planning?
1. organize for planning
2. establish the planning framework
3. carry out specific planning activities
104
what is the process for curriculum planning
one's philosophy of education, needs assessments, development of goals and objectives, content selection and organization, methodology, and assessment or evaluation.
105
what are models for improving a field of study?
```
establish project parameters
orient for mastery
map the desire curriculum
refine the map
develop curriculum materials (resolve issues)
suggest time allocations:
select and develop tests
development of curriculum
select instructional materials
provide for staff development.
```
106
what is collective bargaining?
to meet at reasonable times and confer about wages, hourse, and other terms and conditions of employment.
107
budget decision making
always start with revenue's
predict what you have
*3 classes of revenue's : local 60% state 30% federal 10%
then fund accounting: difference between fund, function, object
-first sort fund, second sort function, 3 sort object / 10-1100-100
principals role is to manage accounts that are related to his building.
108
vouchers pros and cons?
given to the state,
Pros: can apply tuition to non-public school (directly to student)
cons: takes away $ from the public school.
109
general state aid
FL x ADA= ___ -LE
foundation level-adequate/cheapest level to produce education in ILL ...how the cheapest school could meet state needs
ada = best 3 months of attendance
local effort (equalized assessment value) * fixed tax rate
-if Local effort goes down = less $$
If EAV (equalized assessment value goes down , $$ stays the same.
- If ADA goes up and everything stays the same= more $$
If LE goes up and everything stays the same = less $$
110
structure-oriented theories
looks at components of curriculum and their interrelationships
111
value oriented theory
attempting to sentitize educators to values/issues ...educational consciousness
112
content oriented theory
society centered: wants to specify the major sources that should influence the selection and organization of the curriculum content.
113
process orient theory
when curriculum theory seems to reach its maturity as a field inquiry.
114
what is the goal based model of curriculum planning?
1. organize for planning
2. establish the planning framework
3. carry out specific planning activities
115
what is the process for curriculum planning
one's philosophy of education, needs assessments, development of goals and objectives, content selection and organization, methodology, and assessment or evaluation.
116
what are models for improving a field of study?
```
establish project parameters
orient for mastery
map the desire curriculum
refine the map
develop curriculum materials (resolve issues)
suggest time allocations:
select and develop tests
development of curriculum
select instructional materials
provide for staff development.
```
117
what is collective bargaining?
to meet at reasonable times and confer about wages, hourse, and other terms and conditions of employment.
118
budget decision making
always start with revenue's
predict what you have
*3 classes of revenue's : local 60% state 30% federal 10%
then fund accounting: difference between fund, function, object
-first sort fund, second sort function, 3 sort object / 10-1100-100
principals role is to manage accounts that are related to his building.
119
vouchers pros and cons?
given to the state,
Pros: can apply tuition to non-public school (directly to student)
cons: takes away $ from the public school.
120
general state aid
FL x ADA= ___ -LE
| foundation level-adequate/cheapest level to produce education
121
Barnard
Author of the functions executive. He believed that 1. it was illusory to focus exclusively on formal, official structural facets of administering organizations and 2. the effective executive must attend to the interaction between the needs and aspirations of the workers on one hand and the needs of the organization on the other
122
Sergiovanni
Researched behaviors of teachers. His findings: achievement and recognition were very important motivators for teachers, along with the work itself, responsibility and the possibility of growth. He also discovered that advancement, was a key component private sectors that did not frequently exist in teaching (aside from administrative and supervisory roles).
123
what are deficit budgets?
total expenditures are higher than total revenues
124
what if a district is faced with a deficit budget they must??
issue bonds: they can work at a deficit
125
what type of bond will cover an operational budget?
working cash bond
126
what is a life safety bond?
for broken things/regulations in building
127
state and federal grants:
What is categorical aid?
$ given to fit specific needs or categories
128
what is supplant
taking grant $ in place of what you have...schools want this but usually less of these are given
129
supporting
existing program and adding $ to it..more likely to get this
130
if i have a categorical grant for school improvement in can be spent on???
consultant to work with teachers
131
what is equity of educational funding?
a fair and just means of distributing resources. equity has been basis for many lawsuits .
student equity and taxpayer equity
132
what is tax payer equity
suggest that taxpayers with equal ability should bear the same tax burdern in order to have equal per pupil expenses
133
what is student equity
1. it is three dimensional
horizontal equity dictates that equals be treated equally.
2.vertical equity holds that un-equal's be treated unequally.
3.equal opportunity as an equity dimension dictates that students have access to equal resources despite district wealth.
134
adequacy of education funding
adequacy can be defined broadly as a level of resources that is sufficient for districts and schools to produce specified student performance results.
135
what is equity of educational funding?
a fair and just means of distributing resources. equity has been basis for many lawsuits .
student equity and taxpayer equity
136
what is tax payer equity
suggest that taxpayers with equal ability should bear the same tax burdern in order to have equal per pupil expenses
137
what is student equity
1. it is three dimensional
horizontal equity dictates that equals be treated equally.
2.vertical equity holds that un-equal's be treated unequally.
3.equal opportunity as an equity dimension dictates that students have access to equal resources despite district wealth.
138
adequacy of education funding
adequacy can be defined broadly as a level of resources that is sufficient for districts and schools to produce specified student performance results.
139
Community power structures including power elite, pluralistic, and amorphous models
Reward: has the power and resources to reward people.
Coercive: bad evaluation can be given if staff don't do what leaders want
Expert: use knowledge to control (leaders have knowledge, staff don't)
Ligament: normal power (my way)
Referent: when a leader has a charisma that workers want to be more like him/her
140
Types of evaluation
Formative: analyze teachers lesson plan, pre-observation, classroom observation, post-conference
Summative: data synthesis, evaluation report, set improvement targets, can be used to see if objectives have been met
141
General System Theory
A school is made up of a set of systems. These systems are effected by the environment. Systems interact with the environment and the environment acts back.
142
3 clinical supervision models
1. Goldhammer: Pre-observation, observation, analysis $ strategy, post-observation conference, post-conference analysis
2. Cogan: Establishing the teacher supervisor relationship, planning the lesson, planning the observation strategy, observing, analyzing the teaching-learning process, planning conference strategy, the conference, renewed planning
3. Archeson-Gall: Planning conference, classroom observation, feedback conference
143
serrano v priest decision and significance?
landmark case: stated residence is not a legal reason for inequity, the state enforced the equity argument and passed laws that level the playing field.
144
what is the significance of san anotonio v rodriguez.
us supreme court decision in 1973 did not find that student residing in low property wealth districts were entitled to treatment as a suspect class and removed school funding from federal court dockets.
145
what is the largest portion of expenditures ?
is always the education fund, regualr programs function and object is teacher salaries.
