Comps review Flashcards

Question

Combined-probability

Answer 1

- Incorporate probabilities (account for different sample sizes) - But still no effect size

Answer 2

Overall effect size and significance across studies w/ similar quantitative methods

Answer 3

- Good way to combine results of studies on different populations, small samples, etc - Strong evidence for clinical decisions - Identify gaps, ideas for future research

Answer 4

- Combines "best" of narrative & meta-analysis - Attempts to avoid drawbacks

Answer 5

- Narrative intro, discussion, conclusion - Objectivity in selection criteria, evaluating quality - May use quantitative/meta-analysis

Answer 6

- Bias in study selection - Balance between big picture and important points from individual studies

Answer 7

- Clear scope, purpose, theories - Systematic, thorough evidence search - Systematic appraisal of all studies for relevance, quality/rigor - Sound synthesis across studies - Reasonable conclusions based on synthesis

Answer 8

1. Abstract: is this article relevant? 2. Introduction: find the research question 3. Find answers in conclusion 4. Start from the top: get context from lit review 5. Methods: evaluate study quality 6. Results: evaluate rigor

Answer 9

- Fair treatment of research participants - Honesty, accuracy in reporting

Answer 10

- Minimized harm, maximized benefit - Informed consent - Protected private data

Answer 11

- Describing procedures - Minimizing subjective bias - Giving credit

Answer 12

- First, do no harm - Nuremberg code - Institutional review boards - Belmont Reports

Answer 13

- Voluntary consent: Free choice to participate

Answer 14

- Review research proposals BEFORE they begin - Participants' rights, protections; risks, benefits

Answer 15

Codes for research with human subjects - Medical - Behavioral

Answer 16

- Applies to human research participants - Applies to research, not practice - Respect for persons: informed consent - Beneficence: risk-benefit assessment - Justice: selection of participants

Answer 17

- Informed of procedures, risks, alternatives - Understand, make free choice to participate - No coercion: Rewards can't be too enticing - Can quit any time and still get compensation - Extra protections for vulnerable populations

Answer 18

- Only when the truth upfront would make the experiment impossible - Must minimize risks of harm due to deception - Must debrief at end

Answer 19

- Ensure well-being of participants - Do no harm - Minimize risks, maximize benefits to participants - Risk to participants doesn't exceed benefit to science

Answer 20

- Fair distribution of risks and benefits - Minimize selection bias - Subject should correspond to research purpose

Answer 21

- Easy-access populations - Prisoners - Students - Family members

Answer 22

- Institutionalized - Children - Disabled - Students - Patients - Immigrants - Poor

Answer 23

- Anyone involved who's not a researcher

Answer 24

- Participant pool should match the purpose of the study - Inclusion/exclusion of participants based on need - Purposefully exclude people who may benefit - Purposefully include/select samples based on convenience or vulnerabilities

Answer 25

- Honoring commitments to participants - Withholding treatment - Conflicts of interest - Privacy, confidentiality - Data management, ownership, security

Answer 26

- Compensation - Continued therapy - Summary of results

Answer 27

- No treatment control groups: may feel unfair to "let people go untreated" - Risk-benefit: is no-treatment harmful?

Answer 28

- When researcher has another role/interest related to the research/outcomes - Teacher can't recruit own current students

Answer 29

- Identifying into = confidential unless stipulated in consent form - Anonymize data: Use subject code w/ all data, store name-code key under lock and key

Answer 30

- Follow collection, analysis protocols systematically - Store securely - Later: who "owns"

Answer 31

- Honest, accurate description of study - Responsibility to publish publishable results

Answer 32

- First author = did most work - Fields/labs differ on rest - Most to least work

Answer 33

How closely something reflects reality

Answer 34

Accuracy of relation between observations and the subjects observed

Answer 35

Generalizability

Answer 36

Applicability of patterns/results to a larger population

Answer 37

- Confounders - Subjective bias

Answer 38

Unintended, uncontrolled, or unknown facts that should affect the results - Alternate explanation - Nullification - False conclusion

Answer 39

Could influence any stage of research

Answer 40

- Blinding - Outside observer - Reliability checks

Answer 41

Make involved people unaware of information that could bias findings

Answer 42

Either patient or practitioner are unaware of the patient's treatment group assignment

Answer 43

- Other researchers are unaware of something - Researchers who interact with subjects, give treatments, evaluate progress, analyze data

Answer 44

- Standardized - Rank a score relative to normative sample - Not designed for multiple administrations

Answer 45

Compare performance to reaching an expected level

Answer 46

- Train examiners - Monitor consistency of test admin procedures - Check intra-examiner reliability - Check inter-examiner reliability

Answer 47

Consistency of an examiner's measurements across test subjects

Answer 48

- Consistency of measurements across examiners - When examiners score same person/take same measurements, do they agree?

Answer 49

Best for causal inferences about average effects across a population

Answer 50

- Diagnostic accuracy - Etiology - Risk factors - Rare/slowly-progressing conditions - Risky/unethical experimental procedure

Answer 51

Include active manipulations

Answer 52

- No active manipulations - Observe systematically, don't alter

Answer 53

Include control comparison group

Answer 54

No control group

Answer 55

- One group receives treatment/manipulation, control group does not

Answer 56

Treatment group/patient is its own control: - Measure multiple times before treatment, part-way through, after, later follow-up

Answer 57

All participants receive treatment - No control/comparison group

Answer 58

Groups differing on a variable are followed over time to observe differences in outcomes

Answer 59

Compare group with disorder to controls (w/o disorder), usually at one or a few points in time

Answer 60

Examine relationships between variables in a sample at one point in time

Answer 61

Describe single patient

Answer 62

Describe series of similar patients

Answer 63

Examine rates of occurrence in a sample

Answer 64

- Hypothesis testing, methods planned out before data collection - Experimental studies must be prospective

Answer 65

- Analyze pre-existing data - Ranked lower than prospective: no control over systematic or unknown influences, can't assess validity of procedures

Answer 66

- All subjects have equal chance of being assigned to any condition, determined by chance - Applies to prospective, controlled, experiments - "Best way" to assure that groups don't differ systematically before beginning

Answer 67

- Create groups that differ on the variable of interest but not others that are expected to influence results - Weaker validity than random assignment: unknown, unanticipated confounders possible

Answer 68

Unintended, uncontrolled, or unknown factors that could affect the results

Answer 69

Math that says whether or not your result was probably a fluke

Answer 70

There is a 95% chance that the samples were not drawn from the same population

Answer 71

Applicability of patterns/results to a larger population

Answer 72

Minimize bias in participant selection

Answer 73

All members of the population have equal chance of being selected for observation

Answer 74

- In studies with multiple measurement points, not all participants complete all steps - Must report in published results

Answer 75

Enough detail reported that another researcher could repeat the procedures? And get the same results

Answer 76

Can have infinitely small, intermediate values - Interval - Ratio

Answer 77

Completely separate bins - Nominal - Ordinal - Interval or Ratio data that has been binned into categories or ranges

Answer 78

- Categories aren't better/worse, higher/lower - Demographics, type - Best if every participant fits into just one category

Answer 79

- Even if assigning arbitrary numbers to categories - Can count numbers of members

Answer 80

- Categories are ordered but there's no "amount" of difference between levels - Likert, rating, severity scales - Hard to do stats on these, must transform

Answer 81

- Ordered with equal intervals: can compute differences between scores but not ratios - Good for transformations and stats

Answer 82

- Like interval plus true zero, can compute differences and ratios - Great for transformations and stats

Answer 83

How many data points fell in each interval - AKA frequency polygon

Answer 84

Long tail - Positive/right skew = positive tail - Negative/left skew = negative tail

Answer 85

Skewness is 0

Answer 86

Skewness is positive

Answer 87

Skewness is negative

Answer 88

Two modes - Mean misleading - Really represents 2 distributions

Answer 89

- Make distribution more symmetrical/normal -- Many stats require a normal distribution - Make validity more constant - Make relationships more linear - Convert ordinal data to interval/ratio scales

Answer 90

- Looks normal? Outliers? Mistakes? - Calculate skew, kurtosis to confirm

Answer 91

Reduce relative spacing between values on the right more than left side of distribution

Answer 92

Take square root of each value - First add constant to make lowest value > 1

Answer 93

Changes spread of distribution

Answer 94

- Makes big numbers small and small numbers big - Reverses order of values, so first multiply each value by -- 1 and add a constant so the lowest value is > 1

Answer 95

Summarize characteristics of data set

Answer 96

- Frequency - Percentage

Answer 97

- Mean - Median - Mode

Answer 98

- Rank - Percentile rank - Standard score

Answer 99

- Range - Variance - Standard deviation

Answer 100

How many subjects/items in each category

Answer 101

Divide each frequency count by total

Answer 102

- Single values that describe whole data set for one measure - Central location/tendency - Fractiles/Quantiles

Answer 103

- Mean (average) - Median (middle value) - Mode (most common value)

Answer 104

Divide rank-ordered date into even-ish bins - Median split (2) - Quartiles (4) - Deciles (10) - Percentiles (100)

Answer 105

Location of participant in relation to group

Answer 106

The Xth best score (out of?)

Answer 107

- Rank-order scores -- Divide individual's rank by total number of participants - 80th percentile = scored better than 80% of class

Answer 108

Number of standard deviations from the mean - X - mean/st dev

Answer 109

- How spread out the data values are - Adds necessary meaning to central tendency and individual location -- Number of categories -- Range -- Interquartile Range

Comps review Flashcards

(134 cards)