Comptia A+ Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
What is the memory, and the form factor of that memory used in laptop devices?
A
SSD- Solid state drive- No moving parts, Silent, fast access time, less latency, 2.5 inch and 1.8 on older hard drives.
2
Q
What is an SSHD?
A
Solid state hybrid drive- Flash memory and hard drive storage, SSD caches the hard drive data. Has moving parts as well as non-moving.
3
Q
What is a Hard drive?
A
Moving parts, magnetic disk, found in older laptops and desktops.
4
Q
How do you replace the components inside of a laptop?
A
Open a cover on the back, or open the entire laptop, usually involves removing screws.
5
Q
What are the memory modules and the names of those memory modules used inside of a laptops and mobile devices?
A
SO-DIMM, small outline dual in-line memory module
Micro-DIMM, Micro-dual in-line memory module.
6
Q
What is a smart card reader and the different kinds of smart card readers?
A
A smart card reader is a device that can read a card with some sort of bar coding or magnetic strip in it. This can range from credit and debits cards to rewards cards and even a satellite receiver smart card.
There is an integrated card reader built into the laptop, and an external reader that is USB connected.
7
Q
What is an optical drive?
A
Used for reading and maybe writing to compact disks, too large for todays portable devices, becoming difficult to find, often removable, replace with other media.
8
Q
What are the wireless ways a laptop connects to a network?
A
802.11 wireless connection
W-wan, Wireless wide area network and is a cellular based connection
W-pan, Wireless personal area network which is the blue tooth wireless network
9
Q
What are the two different kinds of wireless network modules found inside of laptop devices?
A
Mini PCI and Mini PCI Express.
10
Q
Laptop video cards?
A
Often built into the processor, not upgradable
Sometimes part of the system board, again not upgradable
Some laptops have upgradable laptop cards, not the slim line modules
11
Q
What is the screen type that is most commonly used?
A
LCD, Liquid Crystal Display, Light and high-resolution
Very fragile, Needs a good case
12
Q
What kind of power source is used for laptops?
A
Auto Switching or fixed input Converts AC to DC Input voltage would be 110 to 220volts DC jack on the laptop, Specific to the power supply type, Information can be found on the back.
13
Q
What is the most common type of battery used in laptops?
A
Lithium ion (Li-ion)
Common in consumer electronics
No “memory effect”
Charging the battery diminishes capacity.
14
Q
What kind of mouse does a laptop use?
A
Integrated mouse and a pointing stick
15
Q
What consists of a laptop frame?
A
Plastic or Aluminum metal
16
Q
Mother board?
A
Proprietary, Built to fit
Replacement isn’t easy because most of the components are built onto the mother board.
17
Q
Laptop CPU?
A
Central processing unit- Has integrated components has a video and memory controller built in. Often slower than desktops.
18
Q
LCD?
A
Liquid crystal display, light shines through crystals
Advantages, Lightweight, low power and inexpensive
Disadvantages, Black levels are a challenge, requires a separate backlight and are difficult to replace.
19
Q
OLED?
A
Organic Light Emitting Diode-
Organic compound emits light when receiving an electric current.
Thinner and lighter
No backlight needed
Not quite ready for laptops, decay ratio too high, costs more
20
Q
Types of lap top Wi-Fi antennas?
A
Wi-Fi main, aux and Bluetooth. Antenna wires wrap around the laptop screen, ITS UP HIGH! Lol
21
Q
LED-LCD Display?
A
Backlight is LEDs instead of florescent
22
Q
CCFL?
A
Cold Cathode Florescent Lamp used for lighting electrical devices on older models. Remember backlit bulbs.
23
Q
Inverter for light display?
A
Converts DC into AC.
24
Q
What is a digitizer?
A
Uses a pen like device as input.
Stylus input, Useful for graphical input.
Becoming more common on laptops/tablets, or on hybrid devices.
25
Laptop function keys
Press FN to use the function keys.
26
Dual displays
Toggle FN keys for secondary functions and to toggle between LCD/external moniter/both, you can go from computer only, duplicate, extend, and projector only.
27
LCD switch
The refrigerator door effect, allows you to close your laptop while broadcasting to another external monitor. Physical switch on older systems, Internal magnetic switch on newer portable systems, Set functionality in the BIOS or utility.
28
Wireless control
Airplane mode, secure areas, look for status light. Physical switch, FN key.
It may include an 802.11, Bluetooth and cellular.
29
Screen orientation
Rotate the screen, Useful on rotating tablet/laptops
Landscape portrait
FN key or hotkey
Different across manufacturers
30
GPS
Uses antennas, disable airplane mode to to turn off or on.
31
Docking station
Is used for additional peripherals as well as direct contact with the device.
Also can be known as port replicators.
32
Laptop locks
Makes it so the device cannot be stolen.
33
Rotating/Removable screens
Can disconnect or rotate or both.
34
What is 802.11 and what is it used for used for?
W-LAN-Wireless local area network, allows devices to communicate with each other and access the internet without connecting wires.
35
Tablets?
Single screen touch computers. Designed for touch input. Lots of application support and media.
36
Smart phone?
Mobile communication, Media viewer, mobile applications and other apps.
37
Wearable technology?
Smart watches, fitness monitors.
38
Virtual reality?
Replace reality with a computer generated version. Play games and other types of media.
39
Augmented reality?
Overlay with a virtual augmentation with the physical world.
40
E-reader?
Specifically used to read books. Uses electronic paper. Has WIFI.
41
Gps?
In car navigation and non car, requires a view of the sky, needs to receive a signal. Periodic updates required, over the air memory card.
42
Micro USB and Mini USB plug?
EU standardized on micro USB, common worldwide.
43
USB-C
24-pin double-sided USB connector, used for both hosts and devices. Can plug it in on either side. Can be used as an audio 3.5mm jack. Acts as a USB 3.1/USB 2.0 connection.
44
Lightning Connector?
Used to charge apple devices. 8 pin, higher output, can be inserted either way.
45
What is tethering?
Physically connect a device to your mobile phone. Or use the internet/data connection.
Uses USB to connect.
46
Hotspot?
Able to connect many different devices to the internet from your phone.
47
Proprietary mobile interfaces?
Early mobile technology, different cables to handle different functions, EU stepped in to make a common power supply for mobile devices used today.
48
NFC
Near field communication-Sends small amounts of data wirelessly over a limited area. Make payments, identification, etc...
49
Bluetooth?
PAN(Personal area network) Connects our mobile devices.
50
IR?
Infrared-Largely replaced by Bluetooth. Can control your entertainment center, almost exclusively for infrared.
51
Headsets?
Put into ears, and has a speaker. Some have a lightning connector or Bluetooth connector.
52
TRRS?
Tip ring ring sleeve.
53
Non Integrated-Speakers?
Can connect via Bluetooth or tethering. Mobile audio.
54
Gamepad?
Used to play games. Can be connected VIA Bluetooth, docking station, or tethered.
55
Protective covers
Screen protector, device protector.
56
Credit card readers
Phone or tablet becomes a point of sale terminal. Connects via bluetooth or trrs jack.
57
SD, Micro SD.
SD cards are mostly too big now. Micro SD cards are the standard now.
58
Part 2------------------------------------------------------------------------ What does it mean that your phone is a radio?
Baseband radio processor. A network interface for your radio. Has its own firmware and memory. Realtime operating system, The firmware can be updated, OTA-Over the air.
59
PRL?
PRL-preferred roaming list, allows your phone to connect to the right tower.
CDMA networks are Verizon and Sprint.
60
PRi?
(Product release instructions). Radio settings, ID numbers, network codes, country codes, etc. Updates.
61
IMEI?
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity-Identifies a physical mobile device, every phone has a different IMEI, Can be used to allow or disallow access.
62
IMSI?
International Mobile Subscriber Identity- Identifies the user of a mobile network, can be provisioned in the sim card. Tailored for the user.
63
VPN?
Virtual Private Network-Important for secure communication, Integrated into the phone OS. May require some additional setup.
64
How do you send a retrieve emails, as well as send mail?
Retrieving emails from an ISP, is conducted via POP3, IMAP protocol.
Sending mail-SMTP protocol
Corporation email-Microsoft exchange
Integrated providers-iCloud, Google, Exchange Online, Yahoo
65
POP3?
Post Office Protocol 3-Used for retrieving email from the ISP. Optional to delete from the server. Default: POP# tcp/110
SSL (Secure Socket Layer) Settings -POP#S: tcp/995
66
IMAP4?
Internet message access protocol (IMAP4) (Retrieving)
Access mail on a central server
Mail Is usually stored on the server
Supports folders and server-side searching. tcp/143-Secure communication- Tcp/993
67
SMTP?
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol- Send mail from device to a mail server- No authentication tcp/25- SMPT with authentication tcp/587
68
What is Microsoft Exchange?
Used in office spaces-Enterprise email, contacts, calendars, reminders. Integrates with mobile device databases. Encryption with S/MIME.
69
Commercial email providers?
Gmail-Google Mail
Exchange Online-Hosted email
iCloud Mail-Apple Mail
Yahoo mail
70
Synchronizing Data?
Synchronizing between many different devices.
| Mutual Authentication, The client and the server must authenticate with each other.
71
What is a TCP?
(Transmission control protocol)
It is a transport layer protocol that facilitates the transmission of packets from source to destination. It is a connection-oriented protocol that means it establishes the connection prior to the communication that occurs between the computing devices in a network. Formal connection, Reliable delivery, recovery from errors, flow control. Makes sure that the data is being received.
72
IP?
Internet protocol, like a van, hits the road which is the ethernet, DSL, or a cable system and holds boxes of TCP and UDP. Inside the boxes are things like application information.
73
What is the transport layer for TCP and UDP?
OSI Layer 4
74
UDP?
User Datagram Protocol- No open or close to the connection, Unreliable delivery, does not get a message back from the server stating that it has received any information. Does not send an acknowledgment.
75
Multiplexing
Use many different applications at one time, with TCP and UDP.
76
IPv4 Sockets
-Server IP address, protocol, server application port number
-Client IP address, protocol, client port number
Its where the ethernet cable goes
77
What is a Non-ephemeral port-
Permanent port numbers, Ports 0 through 1023 usually on a server or device.
78
What is an Ephemeral port-
Temporary port numbers- ports 1024 through 65535
| Determined in real time by the client.
79
Port Numbers-
TCP and UDP ports can be between 0 and 65,535, Most services use permanent port numbers. Used for communication. Not security.
80
What are the three ports on the
| network?
Web server-tcp/80
VoIP-Server-udp/5004
Email server-tcp143
81
FTP?
File transfer protocol-
tcp/20(active mode data)
tcp/21(control)
Transfers files between systems
82
SSH
Secure shell-always uses an encrypted link, tcp/22 for example
83
Telnet?
Telecommunication network, Login to devices remotely, console access, in the clear communication
84
Smtp?
Simple mail transfer protocol
| Server to server email transfer tcp/25
85
DNS?
Domain name system- Converts names into IP addresses-udp/53
| www.professormesser.com = 162.159.246.164
86
HTTP?
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Communication in the browser and by other applications. tcp/80 without encryption
tcp/443 with encryption
87
(NETWORK DEVICES)
| NIC?
Network Interface Card- The fundamental network device. Every device on the network has one.
88
What does a repeater do?
Receive signal, regenerate, resend.
| Common use, Can cross integrate from copper to fiber network connectors. Use with the network interface card.
89
HUB?
"Multiport repeater", Traffic is going in one port and is repeated to every other port.
Only operates at 10 megabit/100 megabit per second. Difficult to find today.
90
What is a bridge?
Connects hub networks together. Example of a modern bridge is a wireless access port. Bridges wireless to wired ethernet.
91
Switches?
Newer style bridges are called switches.
Bridging done on hardware. Application specific. Integrated circuit. ASIC
Forwards traffic based on data link address.
92
Unmanaged switches?
Very few configuration options. Plug and play. Fixed configuration. No VLANS. Very little integration with other devices. No management protocols. Cheap.
93
Managed switch?
VLAN support. Interconnect with other switches via 802.1Q.
Traffic prioritization. Redundancy support. Spanning tree protocol. External management. Simple Network Management Protocol/SNMP
Port mirroring/Capture packets.
94
Router?
Routes traffic between IP subnets
| Makes forwarding decision based on IP address. Routers inside of switches are sometimes called layer three switches.
95
Wap?
Wireless access point
| Extends the wired network onto the wireless network. WAP is a bridge.
96
Wireless LAN controllers?
Centralized management WAPs.
Usually needs to be paired with the same
access points. Can also be cloud based. Manage the consol from anywhere.
97
Firewalls?
Can be used to manage the controller. Filters traffic by port number. OSI layer 4 (TCP/UDP) Can encrypt traffic into and out of the network. Sometimes can be used as a router.
98
Cable modem?
Broadband
Transmission across different frequencies.
Different traffic types. Data on the cable network. DOCSIS=Data Over Cable Service Specification) Highspeed networking-4 Mbits/s through 250 Mbits/s are common. Gigabit speeds are possible.
99
Dsl modem
ADSL (Asymmetric/Digital Subscriber Line)
Uses telephone lines. Asymetric meaning that the download speed is faster than the upload speed. Maximum distance with a DSL cable is 10000 feet. 52 Mbit/s dowsteam/ 16Mbit/s Upstream are common. Faster if closer to the CO/Central office.
100
Patch panel
CO-From desk to a closet nearby, Has a 110 block and RJ45 jacks then RJ45 jacks to networking equipment/SWITCH
101
POE?
Power over Ethernet/ Power provided on an ethernet cable.
One wire for both network and electricity.
Can also plug into a POE injector to power devices. Will say on the switch.
102
EOP?
Extending the ethernet connection by using power cables. PLC/IEEE standard 1901
Operates at over 500 megabits per second
103
(The SOHO router)
An all in one device.
| Modem, router, switch, wireless AP, firewall, ETC. Best used in small offices and houses.
104
(Firewall)
| IOT Configurations
Mostly wireless, controlls thermostat, light switches, security cameras, door locks, voice enabled smart speakers/digital assistants.
105
Configuring NAT
For SOHO devices this is automatic, PAT-Port Address Translation. All internal devices are translated to a single external address instead of the address within the computer.
106
Port forwarding
Destination NAT or Static Nat. External IP/port number maps to an internal IP/port. Can configure from the server to a specific device through the SOHO router.
107
UPnP
Automatic plug and play/ Allows network devices to automatically configure and find other network devices.
108
Whitelist/blacklist
Content filtering
109
Mac
Media access control, Limit access through the physical hardware address.
110
Wireless channels and encryption
Configure for the highest encryption. Wpa2-aes Choose wpa2 over Wpa.
111
Managing QOS
Quality of service, changing the priority of your traffic, applications, ports, and mac addresses
112
(WIRELESS STANDARDS)
| Wireless networking. 802.11
Managed by IEEE/MAN Standard committee (IEEE 802) Many updates. Wifi alliance handles interoperability testing.
113
802.11a
One of the original 802.11 wireless standards, OCT 1999. Operates in the 5 GHz range. Operates at 54 MGB per second
114
802.11b
OCT 1999, 2.4 GHz range
| 11 MBs per second. Better range than 802.11a, less absorption problems. More frequency problems.
115
Upgrade from 802.11b June 2003
2.4 GHz range
54 Mbit/s Backwards compatible with 802.11b
Same frequency conflict as b
802.11g
116
```
Another update
5GHz and or 2.4GHz
40 MHz channel width
600 Mbit/s
40 MHz mode and 4 antennas
Uses MIMO-Multiple input out put
Multiple transmit and receive
```
802.11n
117
```
Approved in JAN 2014
Operates in the 5 GHz band
Less crowded, more frequencies (up to 160 MHz channel (bandwith)
Increased channel bonding
Larger bandwidth usage
Denser signal modulation
Faster data transfers
Eight MU-MIMO streams
Twice as many streams as 802.11n Nearly 7 gigabits per second
```
802.11ac
118
MIMO?
Multiple input multiple output
119
(Wireless technologies)
| 802.11 Technologies
Frequency- 2.4 or 5 GHz and sometimes both.
Channels, Groups of frequencies numbered by the IEEE
Bandwidth- Amount of frequency in use, 20MHz, 40 MHz, 160MHz
120
802.11 channel bandwidths
802. 11a - 20 MHz, 802.11b-22MHz, 802.11g-20MHz
802. 11n- 20MHz or 40MHz (two contiguous 20 MHz bonded channels) In 2.4 GHz a 40 MHz channel uses much of the available bandwidth.
802. 11ac- 40 MHz for 802.11n stations, 80 MHz required for 802.11ac stations, 160 MHz optional (contiguous channels or non-contiguous bonded.
121
PAN- 10 meters range, Tethering to other devices, file transfers.
Bluetooth
122
Its everywhere, access badges, Inventory/Assembly line tracking
-Pet/Animal Identification tags
-Anything that needs to be tracked.
Radar Technology- Radio energy transmitted to the tag.
RFID (Radio-frequency identification)
123
NFC
(Near field communication) Two way wireless communication, builds on RFID which is mostly one way.
Payment systems, major credit cards, online wallets.
Bootstrap for other wireless, NFC helps with Bluetooth pairing.
Access token, identity "card" Short range with encryption support.
124
Zigbee
IOT-Networking, Open standard-IEEE 802.15.4 PAN
Alternitive to WIFI and Bluetooth. Longer distances than bluetooth, less power consumption than WIFI.
Mesh network of all ZIGbee devices in your home. Lights, amazon echo to lock the door, ETC.
Uses the ISM band- industrial, scientific and medical
-900 MHz and 2.4 GHz frequencies in the US.
125
Z-WAVE
Same as Zigbee.
126
CELLULAR NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
| Cellular networks
Mobile devices- cell phones
Separate land into "cells" -Antenna coverages a cell with certain frequencies
Began with 2g/
GSM-global system for mobile communications
CDMA- code division multiple access
Poor data support- originally used in circuit switching
Minor upgrades for some packet-switching
127
3G technology
3rd generation, 1998
| Allowed for GPS, Mobile television, Video on demand, and video conferencing.
128
4G and LTE
(Long term evolution)
4G tech, converged standard (GSM and CDMA providers) Based on GSM and EDGE-Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)
Standard download rate 150 Mbit/s
LTE Advanced standard supports download rates of 300 Mbit/s
129
5g
Higher frequencies, may not be so significant at lower frequencies
130
NETWORK SERVICES
| Web server
Responds to browser requests, uses standard HTML, HTML5.
Web pages are stored on the server.
-Download to the browser from the server
Static pages or built dynamically in real time.
131
File server
Centralized storage of documents, spread sheets, videos, pictures, and other files
Standard system of file management- SMB (Server Massage Block), Apple Filing Protocol (AFP), ETC...
The front end hides the protocol-Copy, delete, rename, etc...
132
Print server
Connect a printer to the network
-Provide printing services for all network devices
May be software in a computer- Computer is connected to the printer
May be built into the printer
-Network adapter and software
Uses standard printing protocols- Next flash card...
133
What are the standard printing protocols?
SMB(Server message block)
IPP (Internet printing protocol)
LPD(Line Printer Daemon)
134
(DHCP) Server
```
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
-Automatic IP address configuration
Very common service
-Available on most home routers
Enterprise DHCP will be redundant
-Usually running on central servers
```
135
(DNS) Server
(Domain Name System)
- Converts names to IP Addresses and vice versa
- Distributed naming system
- The load is balanced across many different servers
Usually managed by the ISP or enterprise IT department
- A critical resource
136
Proxy server
An intermediate server
- Client makes the request to the proxy
- The proxy performs the actual request
- The proxy provides results back to the client
Useful features
-Access control, caching, URL filtering, content scanning
137
Mail server
Allows us to access and read any type of email.
Store your incoming mail
- Send your outgoing mail
- Usually managed by the ISP or the enterprise IT department
- A complex set of requirements
Usually one of the most important services
- 24/7 support
138
Authentication server
The device that checks all credentials is an Authentication server.
Not usually on a home network, found within an enterprise.
Spread across multiple servers.
139
SIEM
Security Information and Event Management
- Logging of security events and information
Security alerts
Log aggregation and long term storage
Data correlation
and forensic analysis- gather details after the event.
140
Syslog
Correlates with SIEM- Standard process for transferring these types of logs. Usually a central logging receiver.
Will need a huge amount of disk space.
141
WORM Drive technology
(Write once read many) - DVD-R, Protects important security logs.
142
IDS and IPS
(Network based( intrusion detection system)/(Intrusion Prevention system)
Intrusions
- Exploits against operating systems, applications, etc..
- Buffer overflows, cross site scripting, and other vulnerabilities.
Detection- Alarm or alert
Prevention - Stop it before it gets into the network
143
All in one security appliance
Next generation firewall, Unified threat management, (UTM)/Web security gateway
URL filter/ Content inspection, Malware inspection, Spam filter, CSU/DSU, Router/Switch, Firewall, IDS/IPS, Bandwidth shaper.
144
Endpoint management server
One pane of glass, Manage all other workstations from one central work station.
Requires an agent on the device.
145
Legacy and embedded systems
OLD SYSTEMS.
| Embedded would be, alarm system, door security, timecard system.
146
((IPv4 and IPv6))
Three things you need to configure with IPv4
IP address- 192.168.1.165
Subnet mask- 255.255.255.0, Used by the local drive to determine what subnet its on.
And the default gateway which is the IP address of a router on your local subnet.
147
DNS servers
Translates names and IP addresses. You configure TWO DNS servers in your IP configuration.
148
GPU
(Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles.
149
(ASSIGNING IP ADRESSES)
| 1993 BOOTSTRAP PROTOCOL
BOOTP-Didn't automatically define everything when assigning an IP address.
150
DHCP
Upgrade from boot strap. (Dynamic host configuration protocol) Initially released in 1997 updated throughout the years , provides automatic address/ IP configuration for almost all devices.
151
The steps to configure from client to server.
Discover- Request is sent out
Offer- is made by the server using a broadcast using UDP/68, usually takes the first offer it receives.
Request- Client sends broadcast out using UDP/67 to the server.
Acknowledgement- Sent back using UDP/68
152
UDP
(User datagram protocol) Unreliable, But sends and receives quicker due to not having as many steps to go through.
153
Turning dynamic to static.
If you don't want DHCP to keep translating different IP addresses you can configure the device to use only one by changing it to a static address.
154
The flexible way.
Configure an IP reservation on the DHCP server. Associate a specific MAC address with an IP address so if you need to make changes you can configure them on a DHCP server and all changes will be made to all devices.
155
APIPA
(Automatic private IP addressing)
Link local address, no forwarding by routers. Only on the local subnet. IETF has reserved 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254
- First and last 256 addresses are reserved
- Functional block of 169.254.1.0 through 169.254.254.255
Automatically assigned
- Uses ARP to confirm the address isn't currently in use.
156
ARP
(Address Resolution Protocol) a network protocol used to find out the hardware MAC address of a device from an IP address.
157
IPv6 link-local address
Non- routable local network address.
Will only work on the local subnet.
Required on every IPv6-enabled interface
fe80::/10 with only one subnet allocated (all zeros) effectively becomes fe80::/64
The last 64 bits are usually created with a modified EUI-64.
-Based on the MAC address.
158
EUI
(Extended Unique Identifier) Used to automatically configure IPv6 host addresses.
