CompTIA A+ (Anki) 2 Flashcards by Mindset D

What are the seven layers of the OSI model

Physical 
Data Link
Transport 
Session 
Presentation 
Application

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operate at the (lowest layer), layer 1 of the OSI model. This is the physical layer
There is no progoramming or intelligence built into it
It is a device that is used to connect several computers together
Any signal that is received on it is copied to all other ports

Hubs

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The two types of Hubs are

active and passive

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Acronym to remember the OSI model

People
Do 
Not 
Touch 
Sexy 
Pamela
Anderson

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_ hubs include the ability to regenerate and boost the signal (repeating) before sending to other ports
can be used to extend the length of a network

Active

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__ hubs are simply a physical connection point for computers
not responsible for amplifying or regenerating signals
cannot be used to extend the length of a network

Passive

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operate at layer 2 of the OSI model
They are aware of address but only physical ones
ex. Mac Address

Bridges

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The key functions of __ are
join similar topologies (ex. connect 2 ethernet connections)
Divide network segments into multiple collision domains
Isolate network traffic

Bridges

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examine layer 2 header information from incoming packets
Based on this information, they forward the packets to a specific port
-this improves performance and reduces overhead

Switches

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The advantages of __
Increases available network bandwith (becuase there are fewer packets on the network)
Increases network performance
-helps regulate the flow of traffic
-reduces collisions
Increases security (aware of address, packets that are not intended for it do not go there)

Switches

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The disadvantages of __ are
Cost
-more expensive
can be difficult to troubleshoot (have to identify which ports, if two systems cannot communicate
Devices can be spoofed
Proper design and configuration is needed

Switches

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The two categories of switches are __

managed and unmanaged

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The __ Switch category is
often reffered to as an “intelligent switch”
has its own IP address and configuration interface
typically connected using special software or a dedicated management port

managed

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the __ Switch category is
a device that performs switching without any user intervention
cannot control the functions of this type of switch
can often be more cost effective for smaller deployments

Unmanaged

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__ are intelligent devices used to determie the best path for transmitting data between networks
Routing tables are used to store network addresses
Network addresses represent the routes that are available
Can transmit data across multiple networks
-large networks can be divided into smaller IP subnet
-each subnet is still a different network

Routers

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__ operate at layer 3 (network layer) of the OSI model
Can support various network types
LAN
WAN
copper
fiber
can route the traffic appropriately as long as its run on TCP/IP

Routers

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__ connect multiple networks together, unlike a swich or hub
do not forward broadcasts
-Broadcaset domains are broken up
Determine the best route to the destination based on
-distance (how many routers will be crossed)
-congestion (how much traffic is on given on a route)

Routers

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__ are any point that enables users to access a network
commonly used when referencing a wireless access point
-eg. an access point that enables users to connect over wireless

Access points

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___ and ___ operate at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model
designed to improve signal range and strength by amplifying any signal they recieve
-can extend range of wifi signal on router
-can operate wirelessly or with wire
eg. used at airports

Repeaters and extenders

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__ is how PCs connect to a swith via a NIC

Can be wired or wireless

PC Network Interface Card (NIC)

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Network devices require at least one interface
__ is your interface
can be hard wired or modular
-modular is a card and can be replaced in motherboard easily
-hardwired means it is physically soldered onto the motherboard

NIC

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__ are hardware devices used to connect to a remote network or the internet
Sends and recieve data
-telephone line
-cable line

Modems

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__ is internet connection established using a modem and standard telephone line
Modems dial into the ISP to establish an internet connection
Slow speeds
-Maximum of 50 Kpbs (kilobits)
ex. AOL

Dial-up modem

__ was a popular method for transferring digital signals over standard telephone lines
are used to connect to a DSL ISP
-has suspended dial-up modems
certain models have built in wifi capabilities

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

__ are hardware devices that use coax cable tv lines to provide high speed internet access -always on connection fast data transfer rates

cable modems

__ is a fancy term for being neat and organized in office. You bundle all cables together. -ties/grommets cable troughs heat shrink It is for safety and aesthetics -labelling ties/clips floor covers

Structured cabling

__ are mounted hardware assemble containing multiple ports Used in a LAN to house multiple cable connections Ports are used to connect/manage LAN cables -Incoming and outgoing Like an extension cable a mean to centralize all cable connections and then connects to switch

Patch Panels

__ panels are based on the number of ports they contain 12-port 24-port 48-port

Patch

``` __ have different cable specifications Cat5E Cat6 Cat6A Cat 7 they are different transmission specification for what we call standard Ethernet networks ```

Patch panels

__ are metal frame chasis that stack and categorize different networking components -patch panels -switches -routers Patch cords can be used to connect a patch panel to to a network switch

Network Racks

PoE

Power over Ethernet

__ is a technology used for wired Ethernet LANs that enables electrical current to be carried over data cables -alternative to power cord commonly used when implementing wireless access points in remote locations that do not have power outlets ex. ceilings

PoE

``` __ is also referred to as "next generation PoE Powerful enought to support kiosks terminals LED lighting security card readers security cameras ```

IEE 802.3bt

__ is a technology used to transmit data using common electrical wiring To function properly, an electrical outlet and an ethernet over power adapter are required -both devices must be on the same electrical circuit

Ethernet over power

__ is ideal when it is not possible to run cables for a network connection -considered an alternative to Wi-fI Simple setup -plug in devices and negotiate the connection -eg. simply press the button on the side of the device

Ethernet over power

__ are hardware or software bases allow or deny a connection based on rules Packet filters use rules based on IP addresses and ports Stateful filters maintain session state information -keeps track of everything that happend between two endpoints (like recording a phone call) help protect against outside threats like hackers or intruders

Firewalls

__ are specialized network appliance placed between network and untrusted network -between internal LAN and internet configure port and IP address rules -can allow what ports you want can go through firewall Can act in various roles -conent filter -VPN concentrator -Honeypot (a setup or trap for attacker) but there is nothing there

Hardware firewalls

``` __ is usually run on a host as a application in small office or home computer port based control internet access, per application If operating system becomes compromised, so does the firewall Make sure is kept up to date ```

Software firewall

__ can be part of a firewall or a separate device Analyze packets and allows or denies request based on rules you set up Common filters include executables, emails or websites

Content filters

__ can gather information from wireless access points known as backhaul communication is tunnelled back to the controller -control-plan (represents the instructions) -Data-plane (the traffic) Cloud-managed wireless LAN - access points connect to a virtual controller - -controller is typically located in a public cloud

Cloud-based network controls

In NIC properties, in a __ duplex you can send and receive information

full

In NIC properties, a __ duplex is when we have to take turns. I can send but then you have to listen and vise versa ex. standard phone call

half

SSH uses port

HTTP uses port

Telnet uses port

SMTP uses port

POP3 uses port

110

HTTPS uses port

443

DNS uses port

OSI

Open Systems Interconnect

The __ has 7 layers provides a standard model for all network communication allows manufacturers and developers to create devices and applications without needing proprietary programming

OSI model

is responsible for connecting the networks together

router

the __ is responsible for connecting computers

switch

operate on the 3rd layer of the OSI model (networks) operate on logical (it can be changed) addresses eg. IP address primary function is to connect your network to the internet Some models include extra data ports for switching -known as layer 3 switches (router and switch in same physical device) Always have at least 2 interfaces -one interface has a public IP address assigned by your ISP and provides internet connectivity -One interface has a private address assigned by default that connects to the internal networ

Routers

operate at the 2nd layer of the OSI model (data link) operate on physical address (does not change) eg. MAC (Media Access Control) address primary function is to connect computers or other devices together All devices connnected to the same switch can communicate with each other with minimal or no configuration have a varying number of data ports depending on needs -from 4 to 32 for most SOHO networks

switches