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GCSE Computer Science > Computer networks, connections and protocols > Flashcards

Computer networks, connections and protocols Flashcards

1
Q

avantages netowrking

A

users can share files
users can share peripherals and connections to other netowrks e.g internet
users can access files from any comp on network
servers can control secuiry software updates and backup of data
communication w/ other ppl

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2
Q

two types of netowrk

A

LAN -Local area network
WAN - wide area network

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3
Q

LAN

A

covers small geogrpahic area
all hardware for lan owned by organisation useing it
LANs are wired w/ utp cable, fibre optic or wireless using wifi

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4
Q

WAN

A

large geographic area connecting lans together
infrastructure between lans leased from telecomunication companoes who own and manage it
wans connected by telephone lines, fire optic cables or satellite links

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5
Q

what are computers in lan connected to

A

a switch

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6
Q

what are computers in wan connected to

A

router

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7
Q

job of the router

A

personal home device for connecting to internet - multi function all in one device:
acts as router, switch and wireless access point

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8
Q

disavantage netowrking

A

increased secuiy risk to data
malware and viruses spead very easily between comps
if server fials comps connected to it may not work
computer may run more slowly if lots of data travelling over netowrk

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9
Q

how does bandwidth affect performance of netowrk

A

bandwidth is amount of data that can be sent and received successfuly in given time
not a measure of how fats data travels, but how much data can be sent on transmission media
mesaured in bits per sec (bit rate)

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10
Q

factors affecting erofrmace of netork

A

bandwidth
num of users
transmission media
latency
error rate

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11
Q

how does num of users affect netork performances

A

too mnay users slow down netowrk if insuffiencient bandwidth for data

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12
Q

how does transmission media affect performance of netowrk

A

wired connections have highhr bandwidth that wireless
fibre optic cables have higher bandwidth than copper cables

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13
Q

how does error rate affect netowrk performance

A

less relible connections increase num of erors occuring when data transfered
means data has to be resent until ariving correctly
signal quality of wirelss connections dpeendant on range of devics from wirelss access point and other envitonmental factors
signal quaity of copper cables determinded by grade of material used which reduces interference
length of cable also a factor

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14
Q

how does latency affect netowrk per4mance

A

latency is delay from transmitting data to receiving it
caused by bottlenecks in infrastructure of netowrk
eg by not using switches to apporpriately segment traffic on netowkr
hardware such as switches and transmission media may not operate on same spd

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15
Q

whats a server

A

special comp on netowrk not used as workstation
dedicated to serving files and managaing other services
both LAN and WAN can use servers

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16
Q

what is a netowrk using a server and what is a network not using a server

A

using server:
client server model

not using server:
peer to peer model

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17
Q

job of server

A

control access and security to one shared file store
manages access to internet
manages printing jobs
provides email services
runs a backup of data
makes reuqests to server for data and connections

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18
Q

avantages client server model

A

easier to manage security files
easier to take backups of all share ddata
easier to install software pdates to all computers

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19
Q

disavantages client server model

A

expensive to setup and maintain
requires it specilaists to maintain
server is single point of failure
users will lose access if server fails

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20
Q

what is a peer

A

comp on a network, is equal to other peers

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21
Q

how does peer-2-peer model work

A

peers serve own files to each other
each peer resposnsible for own security and backup
peers have own printers
can send print jobs to another peer to process but other peer must be switched on to communicate ith connected printer

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22
Q

avantge peer2pper model

A

very easy 2 maintain
specialist staff not reuqired
no dependency on single comp
cheaper to set up
no expensive hardware required

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23
Q

disavantage peer2p model

A

network less secure
users need to manage own backups
can be difficult to maintain well ordered file store

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24
Q

what does every comp need to connect to network

A

NIC - Netowrk interface card
every device on a network has a NIC

they are integrated into comp
use a protocol (a set of rules) to determine how connection should work
allw a device to conect to either wired or wireless netowrk

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25
WAP
wireless access point allowes wireless enabled devies to connect 2 network without cables more convenient less bandwidth than wired connection secuirty more a concern with wirless connections connection sometimes not as strong or relaiable as wired connections
26
a switch (hardware to connect to lan, in detail)
sends data between comps on a lan segment network by forwardibg traffic to correct location learn which devices are connected and understand how to forward traffic in intelligent way uses NIC address on device to route traffic
27
a router (detailed)
sends data between networks creates a wan from a number of lans cannot connect to a wan withot router uses IP address (internet protocol) to route traffic
28
transmission media - copper cables (utp)
wired connections assure max bandwidth security and reliability with twisted pair cables wires are twisted around each other to reduce interference there are normally a set of wires for transmission and 4 receiving gradeof copper and insulating material aggects quality of overall cable and therefore the bandwidth
29
transmission media - fibre optic cables
uses light to transmit data cover much longer distances and greater bandwidth than copper backbone of internet uses fibre optic cables
30
def protocl
a set of rules that allow two devices to communicate
31
why are copper cables used
theyre cheap and fleible - easy to install
32
what is the internet
most widely known WAN collection of interconnected networks not the same as world wide web which is a service on internet
33
the internet detail
home network connected via wirelss router home router connected to internet service provider isp is connected to domain name server (dns) and other routers on backbone of internet these routers further conencted to: their own lans, other routers, servers
34
web servers and clients
web servers carry out many functions - most common is: hosting ebsites dealing with client reuqests e.g http get requests for a page the webpage stored as text is sent to browser which uses rules to render it correctly for user
35
example of web server functioning
url request sent by browser made from user browser sneds domain name to DNS DNS maps domian name to IP addres and returns it to browser GET request for webpage is sent to web server using IP address requested webpage returned to clients web browser
36
the cloud
servers can be used 2 store data and programs that can be accessed and used over the internet this is the cloud
37
avantages of lcoud
access any time anywhere from any device large storage capacity autmoatic backup ez online collaboration
38
how does a dns turn a url into an ip address .com / google.com is example
url received by dns resolver server server queries a dns root name server root server responds w/ address of top level domain server for .com resolver makes a reuqest to the .com TLD server the TLD server responds w/ ip address of domains name server - google . com recursive resolver sends query to domains name server ip address google.com returned to resolver from name server dns resolver then responds to web browser with ip addres of google.com
39
the two toplogies
star mesh
40
def network topolgy
give arrangement of all elements needed for networking
41
star netowrk toplogy
most popular wired network type has a central switch all devices conenct to central switch switch is intelligent and makes sure traffic only goes where intended if a single cable breaks only that comp affected swithc is still a serious point of failure
42
full mess network topology
every device connected t every other device if a break in a connection you can still route traffic via another route however lots more cabling and switch hardware required adding to cost for large networks
43
partial mesh netowrk tololgy
multiple routes exist between different devices every device not connected to every single other device is a compromise solution which lowers amount of hardware needed compared to full mesh network
44
what is the wired connection you should know in gcse spec
ethernet
45
wireless connection to know
wireless bluetooth
46
what is chosen standard for implementing star network
ethernet. with twisted pair cables, dublex communication is possible (sending and receiving data simultaneously) CSMA/CD protocol is therefore not needed because frames dont collide
47
can you use ethernet for mesh toplogies
yes. however additional protocols for route finding between switches will be needed.
48
ethernet data is transmitted in frames which includes
preamble of bits used to synchronise transmission start frame deliminator to signify start of data part of frame source and destination of MAC address actual data error checking info (cyclic redundancy check - CRC)
49
wireless networks (wifi)
popular because avoids need to install cables portable connection bandwidth is lower than in wired connection secuirty is more of a problem than with wired connextion ideal as running lotsof cabling through home is undesirable
50
wireless networks (bluetoth)
ideal for connecting personal devices very short range ideal for connectig wireless keyboard to computer, or wireless headphones to a phone
51
wifi vs bluetooth
wifi range: 100m wifi bandwidth: high power consumption: high bluetooth: range: 10m bandwidth: low pwr consumption: low
52
encryption of wireless networks
wireless networks broadcast data so must be encrypted 2 b secure done by scrambling data in cipher using 'master key' created from SSID of the netowrk and password data is decrypted by receiver using same master key - key isnot transmitted
53
protocols used 4 wireless encryption
WEP, WPA, WPA2 a handshaking protocol used to ensure receiver has valid master key before transmission to device begins
54
do wired networks need encrption
though naturally more secure, it is still recommended to encrypt data on wired networks
55
what does every NIC have
a Media Access Control address (MAC address) used to route frames on a LAN
56
what addressing method used for when LAN is connected to WAN
IP addressing - used to route frames on a WAN frames on a WAN are called 'packets'
57
Internet Protocol Address
a unique number used to identify a host computer or node which communicates over IP on the internet twoversions: IPv4, IPv6
58
IPv4 format
written as 4 numbers seperated by periods each number in the range 0-255 around 4bn addresses possible with IPv4
59
two parts to IPv4 address
network idenidier host identifier network identifier is 3 bytes (is at beginning) host identifier is 1 byte at the end
60
Internet of Things
describes devices that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet and other communication networks
61
IPv6 format
16 bytes in size written as 8 groups seperated by colons each group made up of 4 hex values represntig 16 bits around 340 trillion, triollion, trillion combs
62
standards in use
character sets: ascii, ex. ascii, unidcode webpages and HTML protocols to communicate on LANs and WANs IEEE (standards for computer cables) document image andsound standards (PDF, PNG, MP3)
63
what are standards
a set of specifications for: hardware and software
64
what do standards make possible
for manufacturers and producers to create products and services compatible ith each other
65
key protocols
TCP/IP HTTP HTTPS FTP POP IMAP SMTP
66
TCP/IP
transmission control protocol/internet protocol used for communication over lans and wans. TCP - provides error free transmission between 2 routers IP - routes packets across a WAN
67
HTTP(S)
hypertext transfer protocol (secure) used for webpage requests HTTPS has encryption and authentication - used for websites dealing with senstive info e.g banking sites
68
FTP
file transfer protocl used for file transfers, normally on a WAN often ppl use ftp clients, software apps which sit on op of actual ftp protocl. you interact w/ program and it generates and sends appropriate FTP commands
69
POP, IMAP and SMTP
used for email POP - Post office protocol IMAP - Internet message access protocol SMTP - simple mail transfer protocol used in conjunction w/ mail servrs mail servers act like online post office SMTP - transfes outgoing emails from one server to another/ from email client to server
70
job of POP and IMAP
POP - retrieves emails from mail server. removes it from server and transfers it to your device IMAP - same, but keeps emails on mail server to allow synchronicity beteen devices
71
complexity of networking (data transfer)
data transfer must be split into smaller packets and frames packets must be sequenced on arrival packets must be sent between routers on a wan frames must be sent between devices on a LAN packets and frames must be error checked on arrival, and requested to be resent if necessary
72
complexity of networking (transmission)
different cables used: fire obptic, twister pair, coaxial wireless comms w/ frequencies and channels simple and dublex transmissions
73
complexity of networking (others)
different applications for different tasks: web pages, email, file transfer encryption, security and authentication of users and data connexion to remote servers and maintinaing open connextions peer2per and client server models
74
the concept of layering
to divide complex task of networking into smaller simpler tasks that work with eahc other hardware and/or software for each layer has defined responsibility each layer provides servcice tolayer above it
75
avantage layering
reducses compleinty of problem into manageable sub problms devices can be manufactured to operate at a partuicualr layer products from different vendors will work together
76
the layers
Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Link Layer
77
application layer

GCSE Computer Science (5 decks)

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