Computer test - Respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
How is the induced cough in horse ?
A
Intensive, sharp, high, short, dry, painless, snapping, does not recur.
2
Q
Which sound do you hear in case of pulmonary edema ?
A
non musical ronchi (crepitation and cracking)
3
Q
What can be heard in the upper region in case of hydrothorax ?
A
Louder sound, forced loud breathing, increased dullness
4
Q
What are the lung borders in horse ?
A
16-14-10
Tuber coxae/Tuber ischiadicum/Point of shoulder
5
Q
F/T : Narrowing the upper airways occurs mostly in held expiration
A
False
6
Q
5 percussion sound standpoints ?
A
- Volume/Loudness
- Pitch/Frequency
- Tone/Resonance
- Duration
- Special sounds
7
Q
4 expired air standpoints ?
A
- Odour
- Strenght
- T°
- Symmetry
8
Q
What clinical sign(s) is/are seen in case of pericardial effusion ?
A
Elevation of the caudo-ventral border of the dull sound : increase of cardiac dullness (enlargement)
9
Q
Why do we use Valsalva probe ?
A
Rubbing of pleural surface → stop breathing → if rubbing disappears = pleuropericardial/pleuropleural
10
Q
Thoracic normal percussion sounds
A
SA : sharp, high/low, sonorous (resonant), long
LA (>40 kg): sharp, low, (non-)sonorous, (non-)resonant, short
11
Q
Noises heard upon pericardial effusion
A
Increase of cardiac dullness, crepitation/crackling
12
Q
Where and what is the Diernhofer triangle ?
A
Enlarged cardiac dullness and behind it the Diernhofer triangle (air containing lung lobe between the diaphragm and the caudal border of the heart). Normal percussion sound in healthy animals, can be detected even in the case of cardiac enlargement.
At the cardiac area (triangle), normally filled with air
13
Q
Respiratory sounds over abdomen are (F/T, only 1 true) :
- Higher in horse than dog
- Stronger in dog than horse
- Bronchial in dogs
- Bronchial in horse
- ‘h’ sound
A
True : Stronger in dog than horse
14
Q
In which animal(s) is the percussion of the hemithorax absolute ?
A
Horse + dog
15
Q
What is the caudal border of lungs in cattle ?
A
11/-/8
Tuber coxae/Tuber ischiadicum/Point of shoulder
16
Q
Splashing sound characteristics
A
Sounds like water in a bottle
17
Q
What to check on the nasal plane ?
- Moistness
- T°
- Colour
- Surface
- Symmetry
- Smell
A
Moistness, colour and surface
18
Q
Where does the nasal discharge come out from, when it originates from the guttural pouch ?
- Bilateral nasal discharge
- Unilateral nasal
- Oral
A
Bilateral nasal discharge (behind the choanae)
19
Q
What can be seen on inspection of the thorax ?
- T°
- RR
- Chest size
- Deformities
- Pain
A
RR, chest size, deformities
20
Q
What is the percussion sound of the horse thorax ?
A
Sharp, low, sonorous, short
21
Q
What can be heard in the upper region, in case of hydrothorax ?
A
Splashing sound
22
Q
What sound is heard during pulmonary edema ?
A
Non-musical ronchi : crepitation and crackling
23
Q
What are the lung borders in the horse ?
A
16/14/10
Tuber coxae/Tuber ischiadicum/Point of shoulder
24
Q
Number of ribs in horse ?
A
18
25
Number of ribs in cattle ?
13
26
Nb of ribs in swine ?
14
27
Nb of ribs in carnivore ?
13
28
Lung borders in swine ?
11/9/7
| Tuber coxae/Tuber ischiadicum/Point of shoulder
29
Lung borders in carnivore ?
11/10/8
| Tuber coxae/Tuber ischiadicum/Point of shoulder
30
Indications for tracheobronchoscopy ?
Acute cough if an inhaled body is suspected
Chronic cough
Unexplained abnormal breathing pattern, lung infiltrate
Tracheal collapse
Chronic bronchitis (sampling)
Stridor
Removal of mucoid obstruction in atelectatic lung lobes
31
Order of the Respiratory tract examination ?
```
Nose & paranasal sinuses
Coughing
Larynx & Pharynx
Trachea
Thorax
```
32
Examination of the nose and paranasal sinuses ?
External/internal inspection, palpation, percussion, smelling
Extra exams : cytological, bacteriological, parasitic, mycologic exams of the nasal fluid, probing nasal passage, X rays, endoscopy (rhino/sinuso, tracheobroncho...), diagnostic punction biopsy, diagnostic rhinotomy, CT, MRI
33
Describe the following stridor sounds :
- Nasal stridor
- Pharyngeal
- Laryngeal
- Collapsed trachea
- Larynx paralysis
- Narrowed trachea, bronchus
- Nasal stridor : sniffing sound
- Pharyngeal : snoring
- Laryngeal : soft, sawing
- Collapsed trachea : EXPIRATORY tooting sound
- Larynx paralysis : INSPIRATORY
- Narrowed trachea, bronchu : mixed
34
Examination of nasal discharge
Continuity
Side
Quantity
Quality : consistency (watery, mucous, mucopurulent, purulent, haemorrhagic, foamy, containing food, foreign material...), colour, odor
Don't forget to lower th head (dog, horse)
35
How to examine paranasal and frontal sinuses ?
Inspection, palpation, percussion (sharp, bony-like sound, NOT dull)
Endoscopy (horses)
Xrays
Diagnostic punction
36
What are the different sinuses ?
```
Maxillares
Palatinus
Frontalis
Sphenoidalis
Lacrimalis
Ethmoidale
```
37
How to examine guttural pouches in equine ?
Localization
Inspection, palpation, percussion (resonant)
Extra exams : Xrays, endoscopy
38
Standpoints of coughing examination ?
```
Origin
Frequency
Strength
Tone
Occurence
Duration
Secretion content
Painfulness
Deepness
Localization of origin
Quality of sputum
```
39
Laryngeal cough description
Episodically, heavy, gagging/retching, tendecy to vomit
| If laryngeal paralysis : deep, long, harsh
40
Tracheal cough description
Tracheitis : loud, explosive, barking-like
| Trachea collapse : goose honking cough
41
Bronchial cough description
Acute phase : pattern similar as tracheitis = loud, explosive, barking-like
Chronic phase : mucus, pus, wet and rough cough
42
Lung emphysema, chronic bronchitis cough description
Short, weak dry
| COPD : deep, weak, held, dull
43
Pneumonia cough description
Soft
44
Cardiac disease cough description
Hacking & wet cough
45
How to induce cough in horse ?
Squeeze the larynx or tracheal rings near to the larynx
46
How to induce cough in cattle ?
Close mouth & nose with hands/plastic bag
47
How is the induced cough in cattle ?
Doesn't cough spontaneously, very difficult stimulation. Cough is medium intensive and medium deep, duller, held, dry; painles, snapping, doesn't recur
48
How to induce cough in small ruminants, dogs, cats ?
Pressing the tracheal rings or the thorax quickly during expiration
49
How is the induced cough in small ruminants, dogs, cats ?
Goat & sheep : weak, groaning like, deep, dry, medium held, painless, does not recur
Dog & cat : medium held, snapping, doesn't recur, medium intensive, medium deep, dry, painless, does not recur
50
Examination of the larynx/pharynx ?
Examination :
- external inspection (skin, deformities, swelling) and internal examination (epiglottis, nasopharynx, symmetry and synchronous movement of the arythenoids, rima glottidis, colour, capillaries, deformation of Mm, shape, size, semilunar fold, colour, surface and symmetry of the tonsillas)
- Palpation (form, outline, muscles, surface of larynx, masses, compression ability and sensitivity of the arythenoids, T°, painfulness, fremitus)
- Ausculation (normally weak stridor during insp/expiration)
Extra exams :
Xrays, endoscopy
51
Examination of the trachea ?
External inspection, palpation, auscultation
Extra exams
X rays, endoscopy, tracheal fluid sample and analysis)
52
Examination of the thorax ?
Inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion
Extra exams : Xrays, US, endoscopy, BAL sample and analysis, thoracocentesis/tomy, biopsy, CT, MRI, scintigraphy, lung function testing, CBC, acid/base analysis
53
Examination of the thorax - exam of the chest ?
Skin, size, shape, bilateral symmetry, local deformities, intactness of the skin
54
Examination of the thorax - exam of the Respiratoy movements ?
Frequency (Tachy/Polypnoe, Oligopnoe/Bradypnoe)
Rhythm (Normal, held inspiration/expiration, shorten expi/inspiration, assymetric breathing, intermittent inspiration)
Type (Normal, abnormal)
Depth (Normal = medium deep, abnormal shallow or deep respiration)
55
Respiratory type of equids ?
Costo-abdominal
56
Respiratory type of carnivores ?
Costo-abdominal
57
Respiratory type of cattle ?
Mostly abdominal
58
Types of dyspnoea ?
Inspiratory, expiratory, mixed
59
Causes for inspiratory dyspnoea ( prolonged and labored inspiration) ?
- Narrowed upper airways (stridor) laryngeal oedema, laryngeal paralysis, stenotic nares, etc. -Pneumothorax
- Pleural effusions
-Diffuse pneumonia
‐Lung neoplasm
60
Signs of inspiratory dyspnoea ?
Prolonged and labored inspiration
Inspiratory phase is longer, extension of the head and neck, dilatation of nostrils, labial respiration, spreading of the scapules, exaggerated intercostal activity, slack or sunken flanks and sagging belly.
61
Causes for expiratory dyspnoea ?
- Compression or obstruction of lower air passages
- Microbronchitis
- Pulmonary emphysema
Fibrous pleuritis
- Rarely neoplasms in larynx and pharynx
62
Signs of expiratory dyspnoea ?
Expiration phase is extended; the work of abdominal muscles is more severe, extensions of the head and neck, thorax very fasten collapsed during expiration. Expiratory dyspnoea is abdominal, duplicate or strongly held “heave line”.
63
Causes for mixed dyspnoea ?
- Decreased compliance
-Pulmonary oedema
-Pulmonary emphysema
‐Compressed diaphragm
64
Signs of paradoxical respiration ?
Chest movement is restricted, not able to expand properly.
Intercostal muscles may collapse inwards with inspiration as they fatigue, and as greater negative pressures are crated within the thoracic cavity
Abdominal wall move in the opposite direction to that expected
65
Causes for paradoxical respiration ?
Pleural fluid, pneumothorax, diaphragma paralysis, broken ribs..
66
Standpoints of a thoracic palpation ?
T°
Fremitus pectoralis (pleuritis, bronchitis, fibrinous pericarditis, stenotic valves or valve insufficiencies)
Painfulness
Deformities
67
How can the respiratory sounds reach our ears ?
Resonance sound → lung → chest wall → diminish → some of it reflected from bordering places depending on acoustic impedance.
68
Acoustic impedance formula ?
Density of the material x speed of sound
69
Normal respiratory sound description ?
Blow like sound, developed in the upper airways.
| Stronger during inspiration, weaker/slighter during expiration (developed in the upper airways)
70
Contains of normal respiratory sounds ?
1. Weak stenotic noise (nose, pharynx)
| 2. Weak blow noise (Turbulence before bifurcatio tracheae or branch of larger bronchi, after bronchi laminar spread)
71
Directly audible sounds for auscultation ?
Nose, larynx, trachea
72
Indirectly audible sounds for auscultation ?
Larynx, trachea, thorax
73
Basic respiratory sounds in horses ?
Inspiratory : soft
| Expiratory : very weak
74
Basic respiratory sounds in cow ?
Inspiratory : strong, rugged, blow-like
| Expiratory : weak, blow
75
Basic respiratory sounds in sheep, goat ?
Inspiratory : strong, rugged
| Expiratory : : weaker, can be heard during expiration
76
Basic respiratory sounds in swine ?
Inspiratory : strong, rugged
| Expiratory : strong, bronchial
77
Basic respiratory sounds in dog, cat ?
Inspiratory : strong, rarely bronchial
| Expiratory : strong, can be heard over the thorax
78
Basic respiratory sounds in rabbit ?
Inspiratory : like in dogs & cats but not as strong
79
Basic respiratory sounds in birds ?
Inspiratory : strong, blow-like
80
Normal physiological sound description
Soft, blowing sound, stronger in carnivores, sometimes bronchial like bovine: strong, rugged
'f' like
81
Bronchial sound description
Strong, audible blowing sound
'(c)h' like sound, during INHALATION or abnormal
Normal above and larynx trachea ONLY
Normal in small animal/thin animals, less heard in large ones.
82
Bronchial like sound description
Deeper, softer, harsher than the bronchial sound
Only during INHALATION or abnormal
'f-h' like sound
Physiologic in carnivores, swine, cow
83
Adventitious respiratory sounds classification ?
Non musical rhonchi vs musical rhonchi
84
Non musical rhonchi classification ?
```
Crepitation (hair-rubbing like)
Crackling sound (burning wood like)
Rattling sound (sucking coke with a straw)
```
85
Musical rhonchi classification ?
```
Whistling (monophonic/polyphonic high "HUIH" sound)
Wheezing sound (mono/polyphonic sound), low "BBuuuu" sound)
```
86
Meaning of COPD ?
| Meaning of RAO ?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Early inspiratory or expiratory crepitation and crackling, wheezing)
Reccurent Airway Obstruction
87
Other abnormal sounds heard over the thorax by auscultation ? (not the rhonchi)
Rubbing
Splashing (Gas and fluid movement)
Stridor (Strong stenotic sound)
Metallic sound (“PLOM-PLOM” sound)
88
Main percussion sounds ?
Sonorous/resonant : fairly low, strongly resonant (normal lungs)
Damped/dull : short sound of low intensity (liver, heart, muscle)
Tympanic : stronger, longer, higher sound than sonorus, higher in pitch (gastric volvulus)
89
Other special percussion sounds ?
Metallic (steel-like) : high-pitched, sharp musical sound
Cracked-pot sound : rasping, wheezing sound +/- noises
Hollow sound : strong, high, long sound, tympanic or not
