Concentrates

Question 1

All biological processes require ___

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

Biological processes include:

Answer 2

Respiration
Temperature regulation
Motor control

Question 3

____ are parameters we as producers are seeking from our livestock

Answer 3

Production

Question 4

Production includes:

Answer 4

Lactation, Growth, Pregnancy, Egg laying etc.

Question 5

Production requires ____ amounts of energy

Answer 5

Large

Question 6

Before energy is expended for production, energy requirements for ___must be met

Answer 6

Routine body functions

Question 7

Producers must utilize a ___ when feeding

Answer 7

High energy ration

(high caloric density and digestibility

Question 8

A ___ ration will allow for livestock to reach their genetic potential for production with a minimum amount of feed

Answer 8

Balanced high energy

Question 9

Define: Concentrates

Answer 9

“Feeds that are high in nitrogen-free extract and total digestible nutrients (TDN) and low in crude fiber (less than 18%)”

Question 10

What is NFE?

Answer 10

Nitrogen free extract; a term for organic material in a feedstuff for which there is no specific analysis

Question 11

What are some examples of NFE?

Answer 11

carbohydrates, pigments, and water soluble vitamins

Question 12

How do you determine NFE?

Answer 12

100% - (%moisture + % crude fiber + % ash + % ether extract + % crude protein)

Question 13

What is TDN?

Answer 13

The sum of digestible protein, digestible fiber, digestible nitrogen free extract and digestible fat x 2.25

Question 14

What two categories can concentrates be broken into?

Answer 14

Carbonaceous feeds and Nitrogenous feeds

Question 15

Concentrates function as ___

Answer 15

a dietary energy supply

Question 16

When feeding concentrates, the ___ play the most important role

Answer 16

cereal grains

Question 17

These grains are considered to be low in fiber and are considered to be highly digestible by all livestock species

Answer 17

cereal grains

Question 18

____ have the bulk of their ration consisting of highly

Answer 18

Nonruminants

Question 19

Cereal grains are ___

Answer 19

Seeds from cereal plants

Question 20

Examples of cereal plants are:

Answer 20

Corn
Oats
Barley
Sorghum

Question 21

Two cereal grains primarily consumed by humans are:

Answer 21

Rice and wheat

Question 22

What four cereal grains are fed in small amounts?

Answer 22

Millet, emmer, spelt, and triticale

Question 23

Grains are very palatable to livestock with the exception of ___

Answer 23

Rye

Question 24

The ___ results in the intake of carbohydrates /starches which the body can use for energy for the biological processes mentioned earlier.

Answer 24

Grain in a ration

Question 25

___ and ___ of starches takes place in different places in the different types of livestock.

Answer 25

Digestion and Absorption

Question 26

Non-ruminants break down starches with a series of ___ such as ___, which breaks starch down into glucose

Answer 26

Enzymes; Amylase or Trypsin

Question 27

___ is the sugar from which the body produces ATP

Answer 27

Glucose

Question 28

ATP is ___

Answer 28

Useable energy

Question 29

In the ruminant, starches first undergo ___ in the rumen and are converted to ____

Answer 29

Microbial fermentation; Volatile fatty acids

Question 30

Will all starch be digested by the rumen?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

Undigested starch by the rumen will enter the ___and ___ where digestion and absorption will occur as it does in the non-ruminant

Answer 31

Abomasum; Small Intestine

Question 32

What can concentrates do for a producer?

Answer 32

Boost production levels | Compensate for animals which are unable to use forages effectively

Question 33

High concentrate rations can cause ___ and ___ of the rumen

Answer 33

Acidosis; Para-keratosis

Question 34

Ruminants need some ___ to stimulate growth of ___ | This can be accomplished by ___ or ___ the grain

Answer 34

Roughage; Rumen papillae | Rolling; Coarse grinding

Question 35

Most feedlot finishing rations contain some source of forage ( ___of the ration)

Answer 35

10-15%

Question 36

What are three problems of concentrates?

Answer 36

1. Some grains need to be processed before they can be fed 2. Grains are more expensive than most forages on a weight basis 3. Grains are very deficient in calcium and certain vitamins

Question 37

Which cereal grain is most widely fed to livestock?

Answer 37

Corn

Question 38

What is the TDN of corn for all species of livestock?

Answer 38

90%

Question 39

Corn is high in ___ and low in ___ and ___

Answer 39

Starch; Fiber and Protein

Question 40

Approximately 25% of all corn production is fed to ___

Answer 40

Hogs

Question 41

What constitutes about 81% of all grains fed to livestock in the U.S.

Answer 41

Corn

Question 42

___ are very palatable, and considered to be an excellent conditioning feed

Answer 42

Oats

Question 43

Oats are high in ___ when compared to other grains

Answer 43

Protein

Question 44

TDN of oats is approximately ____

Answer 44

75%

Question 45

True or False: Feeding value of other grains is compared to corn on a lb for lb basis.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Compared with corn, oats have a feeding value of ___ on a lb for lb basis.

Answer 46

70-80%

Question 47

Oats are considered to be an excellent feed for all livestock especially ___ and ___ for most species.

Answer 47

Horses; Breeding stock

Question 48

____ is a palatable feed which contains more protein, lysine, and fiber than corn

Answer 48

Barley

Question 49

TDN of barley is approximately ___

Answer 49

82%

Question 50

Compared to corn, barley has a ___ feeding value on a lb for lb basis

Answer 50

90-95%

Question 51

A large portion of the barley grown in the U.S. is used for ___ and ___.

Answer 51

brewing; distilling

Question 52

___ is an excellent source of energy for Beef and Dairy cattle

Answer 52

Barley

Question 53

___ is a good source of fiber for poultry and swine

Answer 53

Barley

Question 54

Barley should be ___ prior to feeding for all species of livestock

Answer 54

Ground or somehow processed

Question 55

Sorghum is ___ in importance as a feedstuff, and currently ranks second behind ___

Answer 55

increasing; corn

Question 56

TDN of sorghum is ___

Answer 56

75%

Question 57

When compared to corn, sorghum has a feeding value of ___

Answer 57

85-95%

Question 58

Approximately ___ of the sorghum grain used in the U.S. goes into livestock and poultry rations

Answer 58

98%

Question 59

Sorghum constitutes ___ of cereal grains fed to livestock

Answer 59

6-8%

Question 60

What has: TDN approximately 70% May be used as a feed for livestock and poultry

Answer 60

Millet

Question 61

What has: TDN approx. 77% Minor grain crop similar to barley and oats.

Answer 61

Emmer

Question 62

What has: TDN approx 75% Principally used as a livestock feed. Grain has no milling value.

Answer 62

Spelt

Question 63

What has: Hybrid of durum wheat and rye TDN of 84% Difficult to use for livestock because of high costs

Answer 63

Triticale