Concept and Nature

Question 1

Concern with the nature of symbols or the study of signs.

Answer 1

Semiotics

Question 2

Perceivable objects, actions, or events that stand for or call attention to “signaled entities”

Answer 2

Sign Vehicles

Question 3

May range from physical objects and perceptual qualities to non-existent entities and abstract ideas.

Answer 3

Signaled Entities

Question 4

A system in w/c symbols are the basic means by which one individual communicates an idea to another.

Answer 4

Symbolic Meaning System

Question 5

Sign whose sign vehicle and signaled entity are connected by virtue of a “relationship of similarity.” Sign vehicle “resembles” (looks like or sounds like) its signaled entity or the thing it represents.

Answer 5

Icon

Question 6

Sign whose sign vehicle indicates “existential relationship” of spatiotemporal contiguity with its signaled entity. It is “tied to the situation of usage” in w/c the signaled entity is present, and the signaled entity can only be indexed in the situation of usage.

Answer 6

Index

Question 7

Relation of _____ and _____ according to Ferdinand Saussure

Answer 7

Signifier and Signified

Question 8

Sign whose sign vehicle bears an “arbitrary relationship” to its signaled entity. There is “no inherent tie between sign vehicle and signaled entity for they are “related arbitrarily solely as a matter of convention.”

Answer 8

Symbol

Question 9

What are the 3 kinds of signs?

Answer 9

Icon, Index, Symbol

Question 10

Composed mainly of symbols that are used to communicate meaning from one mind to another.

Answer 10

Sign System

Question 11

Words in human languages are symbols whose connection with the referent entities is purely arbitrary.

Answer 11

Words as Symbols

Question 12

“Symbols” in human languages that “encode arbitrary but constant relationships” between sign vehicles and signaled entities.

Answer 12

Lexemes or Lexical items

Question 13

Basic lexical unit of language consisting o a word /several words, the element of w/c do not separately convey the meaning of the whole.

Answer 13

Lexemes

Question 14

Properties of “entities in the nonlinguistic world of experience or imagination” are utilized in forming concepts and, as a result, the “meaning associated with a word is a conceptual abstraction”

Answer 14

Semantic features

Question 15

Study of meaning in language or logic.

Answer 15

Semantics

Question 16

Any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another.

Answer 16

Phoneme

Question 17

“Abstract mental constructs” manifested or realized in actual spoken utterances as “vocal sounds.”

Answer 17

Sound segments / Phonemes

Question 18

Conceptual units in the phonological or pronunciation system of the language.

Answer 18

Words

Question 19

Mental construct that speakers use to distinguish and produce combinations of words that are grammatical sentences. It accounts for the fact that not every combination of words constitutes a grammatical sentence in English.

Answer 19

Syntactic rules

Question 20

Words function in a manner that they are categorized into grammatical categories (noun, verb, adjective etc.)

Answer 20

Words as Synctactic units

Question 21

Knowledge that a native speaker has of his or her language – that is knowledge of syntactic, semantic, and phonological units and the rules for their organization in sentences | Ability or capacity of the speaker to produce and understand sentences that are syntactically, semantically, and phonologically acceptable | Underlying cognitive ability

Answer 21

Linguistic Competence

Question 22

Speaker’s actual use of his knowledge in the production and interpretation of sentences | Overt manifestation of cognitive ability in actual behavior

Answer 22

Linguistic Performance

Question 23

Focuses on the referential meaning; the meaning encoded in word symbols by virtue of their arbitrary association with referent entities; and on the variety of meanings

Answer 23

Semantic Analysis

Question 24

Social factors in the context of usage (Semantic Analysis)

Answer 24

1) Sender
2) Receiver
3) Message form
4) Message channel
5) Topic code
6) Setting

Question 25

Certain characteristics are found in all human societies or in all human languages because human brain is the same everywhere as well — w/c means that all humans live in the same world, and experiences things that are directly translatable from one culture to another and from one language to another.

Answer 25

UNIVERSALS

Question 26

Features of Language UNIVERSALS

Answer 26

Every human language/almost all human languages…

1. Uses both vowels and consonants
2. concentrated on syntax
3. has/have same sets of 2 or more words which mean the same or almost the same thing
4. has/have deictic (relating or denoting a word or expression whose meaning is dependent on the context in w/c it is used) element
5. has/have an element that denotes the speaker and one thatd enotes the addressee (1st & 2nd person)
6. has proper nouns, singular and plural forms
7. has sexist language

Question 27

Ordinarily composed of a limited number of signals, each of w/c has its own behavioral and emotional referent.

Answer 27

Animal Communication System

Question 28

Do not have language in the human sense and have been unsuccessful in learning human language when given the opportunity.

Answer 28

Animals

Question 29

Not just more intelligent but possess a specific type of mental organization.

Answer 29

Humans

Question 30

Characteristics of Human Language

Answer 30

Productivity, Displacement, Duality of Patterning, Traditional Transmission

Question 31

Characteristic of Human Language w/c is an open system capable of producing almost infinite number of utterances

Answer 31

Productivity

Question 32

Characteristic of Human Language which is the ability of human to talk about things and events that are remote in time and space or, in fact may never have existed

Answer 32

Displacement

Question 33

Characteristic of Human Language meaning with very limited set of consonants and vowels, many thousands of words can be formed

Answer 33

Duality of Patterning

Question 34

Characteristic of Human Language which means that language is not biologically transmitted by genes, but socially taught and learned

Answer 34

Traditional transmission

Question 35

Some kind of articulation of the verbal apparatus or significant lack of it. This can include all sorts of noises, e.i. hissing, shusshing, and whistling as well as speed, quality, and pitch of voice.

Answer 35

Paralanguage

Question 36

Includes all body movement which communicates meaning such as physical or physiological action, automatic reflexes, posture, facial expression, and gesture.

Answer 36

Kinesics

Question 37

study and classification of speech sounds

Answer 37

Phonetics

Question 38

Study of sound system of a language; system of contrastive relationships among speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of language

Answer 38

Phonology

Question 39

Concerned with the meaning of language.

Answer 39

Semantics

Question 40

Smallest meaningful unit of sound

Answer 40

Morpheme

Question 41

Smallest unit of sound.

Answer 41

Phoneme

Question 42

Study of how sounds are combined to form words/phrases.

Answer 42

Morphology

Question 43

Arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

Answer 43

Syntax