CONCEPT REVIEW (Cardiovascular system, the blood)

Question 1

Blood is a connective tissue composed of ?

Answer 1

plasma (liquid portion) and formed elements (cells and

cell fragments).

Question 2

Blood transports what? Name 6

Answer 2

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and metabolic wastes.

Question 3

Blood helps regulate what?

Answer 3

pH,

body temperature,

and water content of cells.

Question 4

It provides protection by?

Answer 4

clotting and by combating toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic
white blood cells or
specialized blood plasma proteins.

Question 5

Blood is viscous what is it’s pH?

Answer 5

ranging from pH 7.35 to 7.45

Question 6

What is the bloods normal temperature?

Answer 6

temperature of

38 degrees

Question 7

What is the volume of the blood?

Answer 7

Its volume is 4–6 liters.

Question 8

Whole blood is composed of ?

Answer 8

plasma, a watery liquid containing dissolved substances, and formed elements, which are cells and cell fragments.

Question 9

Plasma consists of what?

Answer 9

91.5% t water

8.5 % solutes.
Principal solutes include proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), nutrients, vitamins, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products

Question 10

The formed elements include ?

Answer 10

red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.

Question 11

What is the name of the production of formed elements?

Answer 11

Hemopoiesis

• is the formation of blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow.

Question 12

The pluripotent stem cells of the red bone marrow give rise to ___________ stem cells and
___________stem cells.

Answer 12

lymphoid, myeloid

Question 13

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into ?

Answer 13

RBCs, platelets, mast cells, granulocytes, and monocytes.

Question 14

Lymphoid stem cells start differentiating into?

Answer 14

lymphocytes in red bone marrow, and then complete development in lymphatic tissues.

Question 15

What shape are Mature red blood cells ?

Answer 15

Mature red blood cells are biconcave cells containing hemoglobin.

Question 16

Red blood cells or erythrocytes contain the oxygen­carrying protein pigment ____________, which gives RBCs their red color.

Answer 16

hemoglobin

Question 17

True or false

Red blood cells contain nuclei

Answer 17

False

Question 18

A hemoglobin molecule consists of what protein?

Answer 18

the protein globin composed of four polypeptide chains;

Question 19

How does hemoglobin carry oxygen?

Answer 19

bound to each polypeptide chain (four) is a ringlike, nonprotein pigment called heme. Heme contains iron that binds to oxygen.

Question 20

How much carbon dioxide combines with globin?

Answer 20

About 23 percent of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood combines with globin.

Question 21

What’s the life cycle of RBC’s?

Answer 21

Red blood cells have a life cycle of 120 days.

Fragile, old, or damaged RBCs are destroyed by phagocytic macrophages.

Question 22

What happens to old RBC’s?

Answer 22

As macrophages phagocytize RBCs, their hemoglobin is broken down and recycled. Amino acids from globin are used to make proteins. Iron from heme is used to synthesize hemoglobin for new RBCs. The non­iron portion of heme is eventually converted to bilirubin and secreted into bile that passes into the intestines.

Question 23

Name the process of RBC formation?

Answer 23

Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation.

It takes 1-2 days to mature from scratch

Question 24

How is Erythropoiesis stimulated?

Answer 24

Erythropoiesis is stimulated by hypoxia (low concentration of oxygen), which results in the release of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys.

Question 25

How is blood categorised ?

Answer 25

Blood is categorized into groups based on surface antigens

Question 26

What are the key differences of WBC to RBC's? Stipulate 2.

Answer 26

White blood cells or leukocytes have a nucleus, and do not have hemoglobin.

Question 27

The granular leukocytes have visual differences under a light microscope. Eosinophils have ?

Answer 27

large, uniform granules stained red­orange and a nucleus with two or three lobes.

Question 28

The granular leukocytes have visual differences under a light microscope. Basophils have ?

Answer 28

variable­sized granules stained blue­purple that obscure the two­lobed nucleus.

Question 29

The granular leukocytes have visual differences under a light microscope. Neutrophils have ?

Answer 29

small, pale lilac granules. The nucleus has two to five lobes.

Question 30

The agranular leukocytes can be distinguished. Lymphocytes have ?

Answer 30

sky blue cytoplasm with a | dark, round, slightly indented nucleus.

Question 31

The agranular leukocytes can be distinguished. | Monocytes have ?

Answer 31

blue­gray cytoplasm with a foamy appearance and a kidney­shaped nucleus. Monocytes that migrate into tissues enlarge into macrophages.

Question 32

When do WBC's leave the blood stream?

Answer 32

WBCs can leave the bloodstream by emigration to move to tissue sites of pathogen invasion or inflammation.

Question 33

_________________ occurs when pathogens and inflamed tissues release chemicals that attract phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages. These cells ingest and dispose of pathogens and dead matter during phagocytosis. _____________ respond most rapidly to an infection site. Monocytes arrive later at an infection site but arrive in large numbers.

Answer 33

Chemotaxis, neutrophils

Question 34

Eosinophils , what do they do?

Answer 34

Eosinophils stop the effects of histamine and other mediators of inflammation in allergic reactions. They also attack parasitic worms.

Question 35

What do Basophils do?

Answer 35

Basophils release heparin, histamine, and serotonin, which intensify the inflammatory reaction.

Question 36

What are the roles of Lymphocytes

Answer 36

Lymphocytes function in immune responses. B cells destroy bacteria. T cells combat viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria. Natural killer cells attack various microbes and tumor cells.

Question 37

What is the life span of WBC's?

Answer 37

Most WBCs live only a few hours to a few days. A differential white blood cell count measures the number of each type of WBC in a sample of 100 WBCs.

Question 38

The hormone thrombopoietin stimulates myeloid stem cells to develop into megakaryocytes. These huge cells splinter into 2000–3000 fragments and enter the bloodstream. Each fragment is a ____________________

Answer 38

platelet or thrombocyte.

Question 39

What is the structure and function of Platelets?

Answer 39

Platelets lack a nucleus and have chemicals that promote blood clotting. Platelets stop blood loss in damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug in the vessel wall.

Question 40

What is Hemostasis?

Answer 40

Hemostasis is the sequence of events that stops bleeding from a damaged blood vessel.

Question 41

What are the mechanisms in Hemostasis?

Answer 41

Three mechanisms are involved: 1. vascular spasm, 2. platelet plug formation, 3. and blood clotting.

Question 42

Vascular spasms of the smooth muscle in the wall of a ________________ help reduce blood loss.

Answer 42

damaged vessel

Question 43

Platelets that come into contact with damaged blood vessels aggregate into a ________________ to stop bleeding.

Answer 43

platelet plug

Question 44

A _________________ is a network of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) in which formed elements of blood are trapped.

Answer 44

clot

Question 45

Clotting is a cascade of reactions involving clotting factors that activate one another. What is the first stage?

Answer 45

formation of prothrombinase

Question 46

Clotting is a cascade of reactions involving clotting factors that activate one another. What is the second stage?

Answer 46

conversion of prothrombin into thrombin

Question 47

Clotting is a cascade of reactions involving clotting factors that activate one another. What is the third stage?

Answer 47

conversion by thrombin of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin

Question 48

Clotting is a cascade of reactions involving clotting factors that activate one another. What is the fourth stage?

Answer 48

The clot plugs the damaged area of the blood vessel and undergoes clot retraction, which pulls the blood vessel edges closer together.

Question 49

What is the name of a clot without a broken vessel

Answer 49

Thrombus

Question 50

A dislodged thrombus can be swept away in the blood and is then called an?

Answer 50

Embolus.