conception chapter 12

Question 1

conception

Answer 1

union of single egg and single sperm

Question 2

what is included in conception ?

Answer 2

EVERYTHING
oogenesis - egg production
spermatogenesis - sperm production
fertilization - sperm meets egg
implantation

Question 3

gametogenesis

Answer 3

formation of gametes (sperm and egg)

Question 4

ovum

Answer 4

has two protective layers
-zona pellucida
-corona radiata

Question 5

how long after ovulation is an ovum considered fertile ?

Answer 5

fertile for 24 hours after ovulation

Question 6

sperm

Answer 6

-capacitation: protective layer on head that falls off
-acrosome: cap on the sperm

Question 7

how many sperm are in ONE sample of semen ?

Answer 7

200-500 million sperm

Question 8

fertilization

Answer 8

process of eggs meeting the sperm, occurs in fallopian tube
-ampulla

Question 9

what condition do the fallopian tubes need to be in order to conceive ?

Answer 9

patent/open
-may be closed d/t STDs, scarring, previous surgeries, PID

Question 10

zona reaction

Answer 10

produces a capsule around the fertilized egg so that no other sperm can penetrate already fertilized egg

Question 11

zygote

Answer 11

first cell of the new individual

Question 12

when does implantation occur ?

Answer 12

6-10 days after fertilization

Question 13

implantation

Answer 13

travels down fallopian tube and implants into the uterine wall

Question 14

why does implantation sometimes get confused for a period ?

Answer 14

implantation may cause bleeding/spotting
-ask what last period looked like, ask if it was normal

Question 15

dating pregnancy

Answer 15

based off of the date of the first day of last menstrual cycle
(40 weeks from last period)

Question 16

length of fetal development

Answer 16

38 weeks

Question 17

primary germ layers
ectoderm

Answer 17

gives rise to pituitary gland and other glands, nails, hair, skin - epidermis, CNS/PNS, lens of eye

Question 18

primary germ layers
mesoderm

Answer 18

gives rise to bladder, urethra, cardiovascular system, muscles, BIG organ systems, bones, spleen

Question 19

primary germ layers
endoderm

Answer 19

gives rise to inside of bladder, epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiratory, oropharynx, parts of liver

Question 20

stages of development

Answer 20

pre embryonic (ovum)
embryonic
fetal

Question 21

embryonic stage
embryo

Answer 21

day 15 until 8 weeks after conception
MOST critical time for development

Question 22

what are we worried about during embryonic stage ?

Answer 22

teratogenic exposure

Question 23

membranes that surround the developing embryo, develop the amniotic cavity

Answer 23

chorion
amniotic

Question 24

amniotic fluid components

Answer 24

albumin, creatinine, leukocytes, enzymes, baby pee

Question 25

amniotic fluid functions

Answer 25

protects baby from shock, reflection of baby's renal function

Question 26

normal amniotic fluid volume

Answer 26

700 to 1,000 mL at time of delivery

Question 27

when do we see an increase in amniotic fluid and why ?

Answer 27

around 11 weeks d/t baby pee

Question 28

oligohydramnios

Answer 28

lack of amniotic fluid less than 300 mL at time of delivery

Question 29

polyhydramnios

Answer 29

excessive amniotic fluid more than 2,000 mL at time of delivery

Question 30

why are we worried about premature rupture of membranes (water breaks early) ?

Answer 30

injury and infection to baby

Question 31

amniocentesis (when can you perform this)

Answer 31

as early as wk 14 embryonically typically wk 16-18 of gestation

Question 32

why would we give mom RhoGam during pregnancy ?

Answer 32

if mom is Rh negative -at time of amniocentesis -1st trimester bleeding/spotting

Question 33

yolk sac

Answer 33

aids in transferring maternal nutrients and oxygen for the first 5-6 weeks

Question 34

umbilical cord

Answer 34

2 arteries, 1 vein (AVA)

Question 35

wharton's jelly

Answer 35

connective goo around arteries and vein, protect the cord to prevent collapse

Question 36

nuchal cord

Answer 36

cord wrapped around the neck -not emergent, but still needs to be fixed

Question 37

placenta

Answer 37

starts to develop around 10-11 wks complete by wk 12

Question 38

placenta functions

Answer 38

nutrient transport, blood and oxygen supply -produces hormones: progesterone, HcG, estrogen

Question 39

when can HcG be detected ?

Answer 39

8-10 days after fertilization occurs

Question 40

when can you start to see structures in the uterus ?

Answer 40

6 weeks gestation

Question 41

fetal stage

Answer 41

9 wk until end of pregnancy

Question 42

fetal maturation

Answer 42

fetal structures are maturing

Question 43

viability

Answer 43

capability of the fetus to survive outside of the uterus

Question 44

viability threshold

Answer 44

22 to 24 wks gestationally

Question 45

dizygotic

Answer 45

2 separate ovas are released fraternal twins

Question 46

monozygotic

Answer 46

1 ova that divides into 2 identical twins

Question 47

conjoined

Answer 47

monozygotic that never fully separates

Question 48

dichorionic/diamniotic

Answer 48

babies have own placentas and have own amniotic sacs

Question 49

monochorionic/diamniotic

Answer 49

share one placenta but have separate amniotic sacs

Question 50

monochorionic/monoamniotic

Answer 50

MOST DANGEROUS share placenta and amniotic sac

Question 51

twin to twin transfusion

Answer 51

one twin becomes the donor and all nutrients shunt to recipient twin -one fat and one skinny baby