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Pharmacology and Toxicology > concepts and calculations > Flashcards

concepts and calculations Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pharmacology?

A

the study of the effect of drugs on the function of living systems

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2
Q

What is Pharmacodynamics?

A

effects of the drug on the body

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of paracetamol dependent on?

A

inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis

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4
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

effects of the body on the drug

relates to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)

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5
Q

What is the difference between a drug and a medicine?

A

Drugs are taken to produce a change in the body but medicines are taken for therapeutic effect and usually contain other substances to make them easier to use

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6
Q

What is a drug?

A

biologically active compound (other than a nutrient or dietary ingredient) taken with intent to produce a change in the body

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7
Q

What is a medicine?

A

A medical preparation which usually contains one or more drugs administered with the purpose of producing a therapeutic effect.
Medicines usually contain other substances to make them more convenient to use.

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8
Q

What is an excipient?

A

a substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication
usually to make the medicine easier to use

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9
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) pioneer?

A

treatment of syphillis
Interested in staining cellular components
It took him three years’ and three hundred syntheses to produce ‘salvarsan’

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10
Q

What is Ehrlichs magic bullet theory?

A

a drug would have selectively toxicity e.g. against a microbial agent or cancer cell.

Ideally with little action on the host cell even at high doses = therapy without toxicity.

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11
Q

Is nicotine and agonist or an antagonist?

A

agonist

stimulant

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12
Q

Why can you not classify drugs easily?

A

the need of chemists, pharmacologists, doctors differ

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13
Q

What is a problem with nomenclature and drugs?

A

it is not always practical to present each drug under a single name as formulations vary widely

Any drug therefore may have names in 3 different classes

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14
Q

What do 73% of drugs target?

A

Humans mostly proteins

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15
Q

What do 16% of drugs target?

A

microbial or viral

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16
Q

What do 11% of drugs target?

A

miscellaneous

17
Q

How many drugs were FDA approved in 2020?

Higher or lower than 2020?

A

53

Higher

18
Q

What are the conventional routes of identifying drug targets?

A

Analysis of pathophysiology

Analysis of mechanism of action of existing therapeutic drugs.

19
Q

What are novel routes of identifying drug targets?

A

trawl the genome

20
Q

What did Hitchings and Elion (1944) do?

A

unravelling of the synthesis of DNA

pioneered to help understand mechanisms of disease

21
Q

How many genes in the human genome are disease modifiying?

A

3000

22
Q

How many genes in the human genome are druggable?

A

3000

23
Q

Approximately how many genes can be used for targets in pharmacy? (ie. disease modifying and druggable)

A

600-1500

24
Q

Mass = conc x vol x formula weight

A

Mass = g
conc = mol/L
vol = L
formula weight = g/mol

25
Q

What is molarity?

A

How much of the substance is available in a given volume.

26
Q

What is a Mole?

A

The mole is the unit that defines the amount of a given substance.

27
Q

What is avogadros constant?

A

One mole contains 6 x1023 molecules of a substance.

28
Q

What is a biological assay?

A

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions.

29
Q

What is a logarithm?

A

A logarithm is defined as the power to which a base (10) must be raised to produce a given number (e.g. Log 100 = 2)

Log 10 molar = 1

Log 1 millimolar = -3 (1x10^-3)

Log 1 micromolar = -6 (1x10^-6)

Log 1 nanomolar = -9 (1x10^-9)

30
Q

What is on the y axis of the Concentration response curve?

A

Normalised Response

31
Q

What is on the x axis of the concentraion response curve?

A

Log [Compound] (M)

32
Q

Why is this a good title for a concentration response curve?

Concentration-response relationship for histamine on smooth muscle contraction in the polar bear

A

Histamine = what you’re testing

Smooth muscle contraction = effect the response relates to

Polar bear = species tested on

33
Q

What is the therapeutic range for drugs?

A

6μM to 9nm

34
Q

What are the two implausible principles of homeopathy?

A

like causes like

the greater the dilution, the more potent the medicine?

Pharmacology and Toxicology (7 decks)

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