Concepts for Day 1

Question 1

An unstable nucleus exhibits ___

Answer 1

radioactivity

Question 2

nucleus contains essentially all the atom’s mass but
is only about ___

Answer 2

10^-5 its radius

Question 3

identical to helium-4 nuclei

Answer 3

alpha particles

Question 4

very high-energy photons

Answer 4

Gamma rays

Question 5

high-speed electrons

Answer 5

Beta particles

Question 6

one disintegration per
second (d/s)

Answer 6

becquerel (Bq)

Question 7

number of disintegrations per
second in 1 g of radium-226

Answer 7

1 Ci = 3.7x10^10 d/s

Question 8

proposed the technique of radiocarbon dating

Answer 8

Willard F. Libby

Question 9

equal to 1 joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of
body tissue

Answer 9

gray (Gy)

Question 10

discovered biochemical pathway using 14C in CO2

Answer 10

Melvin Calvin

Question 11

substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means

Answer 11

element

Question 12

Molecules in a ___ are close together but are not held so rigidly in position and can move past one another.

Answer 12

liquid

Question 13

It is the lowest temperature that can be attained theoretically

Answer 13

0 K

Question 14

___ tells us how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity that was measured

Answer 14

Accuracy

Question 15

Precision

Answer 15

refers to how closely two or more measurements of the same quantity agree with one another

Question 16

_____ the lightest elements that were the first elements formed in the early stages of cosmic evolution.

Answer 16

helium and hydrogen

Question 17

He hypothesized that our universe burst into being billions of years ago in a gigantic explosion, or Big Bang.

Answer 17

George Gamow

Question 18

A hydrogen atom has only one electron, which is stripped by the light from a quasar in a process known as

Answer 18

ionization

Question 19

All substances, in principle, can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. The interconversion between these states can be effected by _

Answer 19

changing the temperature

Question 20

He formulated a precise definition of the indivisible building blocks of matter that we call atoms.

Answer 20

John Dalton

Question 21

the ratio of electric charge to the mass of an individual electron is

Answer 21

-1.76x10^8 C/g

Question 22

R. A. Millikan found the charge of an electron
to be

Answer 22

-1.60 x 10^19 C or 9.09x10^-28 g

Question 23

Thomson proposed that an atom are embedded like raisins in a cake. This is so-called __

Answer 23

“plum-pudding model”

Question 24

Its common name is milk of magnesia

Answer 24

Magnesium hydroxide

Question 25

The most direct and most accurate method for determining atomic and molecular masses

Answer 25

mass spectrometry

Question 26

The first mass spectrometer is developed by __ where it provided indisputable evidence of the existence of isotopes

Answer 26

F. W. Aston

Question 27

reactant used up first in a reaction

Answer 27

limiting reagent

Question 28

Reactants present in quantities greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent.

Answer 28

Excess reagents

Question 29

Phosphorus fertilizers are derived from phosphate rock, called

Answer 29

fluorapatite

Question 30

Chemical name for aspirin

Answer 30

acetylsalicylic acid

Question 31

considered electron-transfer reactions

Answer 31

oxidation-reduction, or redox reactions

Question 32

refers to the half-reaction that involves loss of electrons

Answer 32

oxidation reaction

Question 33

half-reaction that involves gain of electrons

Answer 33

reduction reaction

Question 34

An easy way to predict whether a metal or hydrogen displacement reaction will actually occur

Answer 34

activity or electrochemical series

Question 35

an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

Answer 35

disproportionation reaction

Question 36

there are about _____ in a kilogram of seawater.

Answer 36

1.3 g of magnesium

Question 37

Gravimetric experiments often involve

Answer 37

precipitation reactions

Question 38

commonly used poison is actually a white compound that dissolves in water, is tasteless, and if administered over a period of time, is hard to detect called

Answer 38

arsenic(III) oxide, As2O3

Question 39

not superposable on its mirror image is said to be ___. An achiral object lacks chirality and has a superposable mirror image.

Answer 39

chiral; achiral

Question 40

highly branched polysaccharide

Answer 40

Amylopectin

Question 41

reserve carbohydrate of animals

Answer 41

Glycogen

Question 42

skeletal polysaccharide of plants

Answer 42

Cellulose